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No.  61  Ncv.  '93 

OTharitxj  ®rgaui^ati0u  Society 


OF  THE  CITV  OF   NEW  YORK. 


HISTORY 


OF 


CHARITY   ORGANIZATION 


IN   THE 


UNITED   STATES 


EEPOET  OF  COMMITTEE  OF  NATIONAL  CONFERENCE  OF 
OHAEITIES  AND  COERECTION, 

Charles    D.   Kellogg,   Chairman 


CHICAGO 
1893 


BOSTON 

Press  of  Geo.  H.  Ellis,  i4i  Franklin  Street 

1894 


L00(o    ^'^/^   i7o  y 


Hi/r 


^ 


Cljarit^  (Organisation. 


CHARITY   ORGANIZATION    IN   THE   UNITED 

STATES. 

REPORT   OF   THE   COMMITTEE   ON   HISTORY   OF   CHARITY 

ORGANIZATION. 

BY    CHARLES    D.     KELLOGG,    CHAIRMAN. 

Under  more  than  a  score  of  names  there  may  be  enumerated 
ninety-two  associations  in  the  United  States  and  the  Dominion  of 
Canada  as  in  existence  in  1893,  which  profess  loyalty  to  the  princi- 
ples characteristic  of  the  movement  known  as  the  Organization  of 
Charity.  Of  these  the  greatest  variation  of  names  arises  among  the 
twenty  societies  originally  inaugurated  as  Relief  Societies  but  which 
have  adopted  in  part  the  methods  of  Charity  Organization  Societies 
or  Associated  Charities  after  their  formation,  and  \vhich  are  in  cor- 
respondence with  them  (Appendix  A).  Of  the  whole  number  sixty- 
five  (65)  have  made  returns,  with  widely  varying  precision  and  com- 
pleteness, to  the  Committee  on  the  History  of  Charity  Organization 
of  this  Twentieth  Annual  Conference  of  Charities  and  Correction, 
and  upon  these  returns  this  report  is  based. 

History. 

Conditions  Twenty  Years  Ago. —  Twenty  years  ago,  in  the 
sense  of  an  agency  for  bringing  charitable  and  municipal  relief  or- 
ganizations into  concert  of  action,  there  were  no  Charity  Organiza- 
tion Societies  in  America.  There  were  in  many  cities  voluntary 
general  relief  societies  professedly  ready  to  undertake  any  sort  of 
humane  task  within  their  ability.  In  some  instances,  they  laid  claim 
to  most  approved  maxims  of  work,  such  as  raising  the  dependent 
poor   into  independence,   the   need  of  investigation   as   a    basis   of 


770523 


relief,  the  duty  of  repressing  imposture.  Rarely  they  employed  tiie 
Friendly  Visitor,  and  made  employment  the  basis  of  relief.  But,  as 
they  were  invariably  distributors  of  material  aid,  this  function  sub- 
merged all  others,  and  they  sank  into  the  sea  of  common  almsgiving, 
appealing  to  their  patrons  for  support  on  the  ground  that  the  money 
given  to  them  would  enable  them  to  enlarge  the  number  of  their 
beneficiaries  or  increase  the  amount  of  their  gifts,  and  attracting  the 
needy  to  their  doors  with  the  hope  of  loaves  and  fishes.  In  many 
quarters  there  was  no  lack  of  judicious  reasoning,  or  of  admission 
that  the  moral  nature  and  the  social  lot  of  the  poor  were  large  factors 
in  the  problem  of  pauperism  ;  but  the  efforts  to  extirpate  it  were 
feeble  and  incidental,  not  dominant.  On  every  side  the  current  of 
public  sentiment  was  that  every  penny  spent  in  administration  was 
so  much  abstracted  from  the  poor,  and  that  the  best  management 
was  that  which  entailed  the  least  cost  in  getting  bread  and  soup  to 
the  hungry,  and  shelter,  fuel,  and  clothing  to  the  cold.  Even  in 
religious  missions  to  the  extremely  depressed  it  was  felt  that  a  man 
should  not  be  called  upon  to  hear  the  gospel  in  rags  or  on  an 
empty  stomach,  and  their  dismal  chapels  were  largely  frequented  by 
sordid  dissemblers  who  conformed  for  gain,  and  shunned  by  those  in 
whom  a  large  measure  of  self-respect  still  prevailed. 

Relief  Twenty  Years  Ago. —  Legal  relief  consisted  of  outdoor 
and  indoor  systems,  the  latter  being  universally  institutional;  and 
therefore  it  only  falls  incidentally  within  the  scope  of  Charity  Organ- 
ization efforts.  The  practice  of  legal  outdoor  relief  differed  greatly 
in  different  communities.  In  New  York  City  the  provision  for  this 
form  of  aid  was  comparatively  slight,  and  consisted  in  appropriations 
for  fuel  distribution  and  for  the  adult  blind  in  equally  inadequate 
amounts,  and  a  trifling  sum  for  medicines  at  the  City  Hospital.  In 
some  cities,  like  Buffalo,  Philadelphia  and  Brooklyn,  large  appropri- 
ations of  money  were  made  for  outdoor  relief,  and  its  administration 
did  not  escape  the  suspicion  of  corrupt  and  political  taint  at  times. 
In  New  England  cities  and  towns,  overseers  of  the  poor  or  select- 
men distributed,  much  at  their  caprice,  the  relief  provided  by 
taxation.  l^>ut  from  every  quarter  testimony  arises  that  the  sy-^^tem 
was  without  adequate  safeguards  of  investigation,  tests  of  destitution, 
or  means  of  hindering  duplication  of  relief  from  several  sources 
simultaneously,  or  of  making  the  relief  adequate  to  the  necessity. 
Private  almsgiving,  for  the  most  part   through  organized  and  often 


5 

incorporated  societies,  was  profuse  and  chaotic,  while  still  behind 
the  demands  made  upon  it,  and  was  dispersed  in  tantalizing  doles 
miserably  inadequate  for  effectual  succor  where  the  need  was  genu- 
ine, and  dealt  out  broadcast  among  the  clamorous  and  impudent. 
Amid  all  this  mean  prodigality  there  were  almoners  seriously  and 
studiously  in  earnest  to  make  the  relief  they  gave  beneficent  and  not 
injurious ;  but  the  system,  or  rather  want  of  it,  and  the  exaggerated 
conceptions  of  their  resources  excited  among  the  poor,  degraded  and 
impeded  their  labors.  In  fact,  twenty  years  ago  those  in  the 
United  States  who  thought  that  the  function  of  relief  could  be  lifted 
above  temporary  material  aid  were  few  in  number  and  but  just  be- 
ginning to  be  heard.  Indeed,  it  was  the  industrial  depression  fol- 
lowing the  commercial  crisis  which  oegan  in  the  autumn  of  1873, 
throwing  multitudes  out  of  work  and  making  a  heavy  draft  upon  the 
benevolent,  which  seems  to  afford  the  starting-point  for  the  exam- 
ination and  reformation  of  the  prevailing  methods  of  charity. 

Beginnings. — In  1872  the  nearest  approximation  to  Charity  Or- 
ganization to  be  found  in  the  United  States  was  the  Chardon  Street 
Building  in  Boston.  It  was  erected  in  1869  by  joint  contributions 
from  the  city  and  personal  subscribers,  in  pursuance  of  a  plan  first 
promulgated  by  Hon.  Robert  C.  Winthrop  in  1857,  and  subsequently 
advocated  in  the  annual  reports  of  the  Boston  Provident  Associa- 
tion, of  which  he  was  the  president.  Under  its  roof  are  the  offices 
of  the  official  boards  and  the  principal  voluntary  relief  societies  of 
the  city.  The  econom)'  and  advantages  of  proximity  for  the  pur- 
pose of  exchanging  information  and  concerting  measures  df  dealing 
with  applicants  for  help  had  been  clearly  pointed  out,  and  the  exist- 
ence of  this  building  facilitated  the  subsequent  systematic  develop- 
ment of  registration  and  co-operation  in  that  city. 

Germantown. — Although  the  movement  to  organize  charities  in 
the  cities  of  the  United  States  everyw^here  traces  its  origin  to  the 
London  Society  and  its  publications,  or  to  the  discussions  which 
arose  concerning  it,  there  were  several  independent  centres  in  which 
it  appeared  nearly  simultaneously  in  this  country.  In  1874  Rev. 
Charles  G.  Ames  led  in  the  formation,  upon  London  models,  in 
Germantown,  a  suburban  ward  of  Philadelphia,  of  an  association 
which  employed  household  visitors  to  investigate  applicants  for  aid, 
availed  itself  of  the  soup-house,  fuel  societies,  churches,  and  espe- 
cially of  the  outdoor  municipal  relief  in  procuring  the  requisite  as- 


sistance,  and  supplemented  it  as  need  indicated  from  its  own 
resources.  It  brought  the  charitable  operations  of  Germantown  into 
unexpected  unison  ;  repressed  imposture  and  the  artificial  appetite 
for  aid  of  such  poor  as  sought  it  only  because  they  wanted  to  share 
in  the  good  things  provided  for  those  who  asked,  and  not  because 
they  would  otherwise  be  destitute  of  them ;  reformed  outdoor  munici- 
pal relief ;  discovered  real  cases  of  hardship ;  and  gained  the  con- 
fidence of  the  benevolent  of  all  denominations  in  that  community. 
This  association  profoundly  influenced  the  measures  adopted  by  the 
larger  society  formed  in  Philadelphia  a  few  years  later. 

Early  Investigations. —  In  the  same  year  a  Bureau  of  Charities 
was  formed  in  New  York  City,  of  which  Mr.  Henry  E.  Pellew  was 
chief  promoter  and  secretary,  that  proposed  to  register  persons  re- 
ceiving outdoor  relief,  either  from  the  city,  benevolent  societies,  or 
individuals ;  but  the  scheme  was  frustrated  the  next  year  by  the 
refusal  of  the  largest  relief-giving  society  in  the  city  to  co-operate. 
This  plan  met  with  better  success  in  Boston.  In  the  autumn  of  1875 
the  Co-operative  Society  of  Visitors  among  the  Poor  was  formed 
in  Boston,  whose  theatre  of  operation  was  in  the  North  End.  The 
plan  was  a  modification  of  the  Elberfeld  system  as  proposed  by 
Octavia  Hill  for  London.  No  visitor  was  to  have  more  than  four 
.„" cases  "  on  hand,  and  lists  were  obtained  from  a  physician  who  was 
the  visitor  for  the  Provident  Association  in  that  congested  and  poor 
district.  The  society  held  weekly  conferences  of  visitors  and  repre- 
sentatives of  other  charities,  and  it  opened  a  work-room  in  the  Char- 
don  Streei  Charity  Building. 

Buffalo. —  Buffalo  has  the  honor  of  being  the  first  city  in  the 
United  States  to  produce  a  complete  Charity  Organization  Society  of 
the  London  type.  The  Rev.  S.  H.  Gurteen,  an  English  clergyman, 
who  had  been  active  in  the  London  Societ)-,  was  settled  as  an  assist- 
ant minister  in  St.  Paul's  Church  there ;  and  he  systematized  the 
work  of  his  parish  guild  so  that  every  application  for  aid  w^as 
promptly  investigated.  He  proposed  in  1877  the  creation  of  a  clear- 
ing-office to  which  the  charitable  agencies  of  the  city  should  send 
daily  reports  ;  and  he  lectured  on  "  Phases  of  Charity,"  attracting 
much  attention.  Simultaneously  citizens,  having  met  in  conference, 
were  engaged  in  an  effort  to  reform  the  methods  of  municipal  out- 
door relief,  which  had  become  extravagant,  was  careless  and  corrupt. 
Failing  to  obtain  legislation  in  Albany  to  create  a  commission  for  its 


7 

control,  they  secured  an  ordinance  from  the  city,  under  which,  in 
October,  1877,  all  applications  for  relief  were  for  the  first  time 
investigated  by  the  police.  On  Dec.  11,  1877,  as  a  result  of 
these  agitations,  the  Charity  Organization  Society  was  set  afoot 
at  a  public  meeting ;  and  it  adhered  to  the  principle  of  co-ordinating 
existing  relief  agencies  and  giving  no  relief  from  its  own  funds  except 
in  rare  emergencies. 

New  Haven. —  New  Haven  was  next  in  line,  May  23,  1878,  with 
the  co-operation  of  the  older  local  relief  societies,  and  took  charge 
of  cases  until  investigation  elicited  some  mode  of  making  more  per- 
manent disposition  of  them. 

Boston. —  In  the  spring  of  1876  a  Registration  Committee  was 
formed  by  private  citizens  of  Boston,  and  work  was  begun  in  the 
autumn,  carried  on  until  the  spring  of  1878.  and  then  abandoned  in 
view  of  the  larger  enterprise  then  under  discussion.  It  had  demon- 
strated the  value  of  reports  from  the  offices  of  the  Overseers  of  the 
Poor,  of  benevolent  societies,  and  of  the  Friendly  Visitors  above  re- 
ferred to,  when  collated  :  but  it  had  failed  to  obtain  the  entire  co-oper- 
ation of  relief  organizations.  Much  discussion  and  many  conferences 
ensued  during  that  year,  looking  to  the  formation  of  a  society  upon 
the  principles  of  Charity  Organization,  which  would  bring  into  associ- 
ation all  the  relief  agencies,  ecclesiastical  and  secular,  of  the  city. 
The  large  relief  societies  knew  the  worth  of  registration,  but  doubted 
the  value  of  "friendly  visiting."  They  were  willing  to  support  the 
new  movement,  provided  "the  visitors  had  no  power  of  relief." 
This  condition  was  fortunately  acceded  to  ;  and  on  I"eb.  26,  1879. 
a  provisional  commission  was  formed  by  delegates  from  many  chari- 
ties, which  carried  on  the  work  until  December  8,  when  the  present 
constitution  of  the  Associated  Charities  of  Boston  was  adopted, 
and  went  into  effect. 

Philadelphia.— Philadelphia  brought  forward  its  type  in  1878. 
In  the  previous  autumn  the  officers  of  several  soup  societies,  dissatis- 
fied with  the  results  of  their  previous  work,  called  a  public  meeting 
•of  citizens  to  confer  upon  larger  and  better  methods  for  the  future. 
A  large  committee  was  appointed  to  draw  up  a  plan  ;  and  on  June 
13,  1878,  a  constitution  was  adopted  and  a  provisional  organization 
set  on  foot.  This  instrument  was  dominated  by  the  idea  of  repro- 
ducing in  each  of  the  thirty  wards  of  the  city  a  complete  association, 
like  that  existing  in  Germantown.     The  Central  Board  was  to  be  com- 


8 

posed  of  two  delegates  from  each  ward,  which  should  meet  monthly ; 
and  meanwhile  its  powers  were  to  be  exercised  by  an  Executive 
Committee.  The  provisional  commission  proceeded  to  organize 
Ward  Associations  with  great  rapidity,  and  in  due  time  delegates 
were  chosen  to  the  Central  Board  and  the  Society  was  organized 
under  its  constitution.  The  immediate  results  of  so  cumbrous  and 
democratic  a  scheme  was  that  twenty-three  societies  were  formed  in 
as  many  wards  or  groups  of  contiguous  wards,  pledged  to  take  care 
of  all  the  distress  and  penury  each  in  its  territorial  limits.  Each 
raised  its  own  funds,  and  disbursed  them  without  control ;  and,  as 
there  were  but  few  persons  in  them  who  understood  Charity  Organiza- 
tion principles,  the  work  often  fell  into  wrong  hands,  and  the  Ward  As- 
sociations were  so  many  new  almsgiving  societies.  By  their  attitude 
they  were  virtually  saying  to  all  the  older  charitable  societies  that 
there  was  no  need  of  them,  and  they,  as  a  rule,  refused  co-operation, 
and  still  withhold  it.  Another  result  was  that  the  Central  Board  had 
no  authority  to  control  the  methods  of  relief,  and  was  itself  subordi- 
nate to  its  ward  constituencies.  One  hundred  and  eighty  persons 
were  needed  to  fill  the  offices  of  directors,  while  there  were  large 
corps  of  visitors  having  a  semi  -  independent  organization.  The 
movement  was  highly  popular  at  the  start,  and  came  in  the  first  year 
into  an  income  of  nearly  $40,000.  It  offered  itself  to  the  commu- 
nity as  a  complete,  independent,  and  self-contained  system  for  dealing 
with  every  phase  of  charity ;  but  its  very  sufficiency  obscured  the 
vital  fact  that  Charity  Organization  aims  at  no  more  independence 
than  is  necessary  to  maintain  existence,  and  should  be  subservient 
to  all  existing  charity  agencies  with  a  view  to  their  co-ordination. 
Great  reliance  for  the  uniform  working  of  the  system  was  placed 
upon  monthly  conferences  of  all  the  workers,  directors,  local  super- 
intendents, and  visitors,  and  for  a  time  these  conferences  were  well 
attended  and  were  highly  educational.  In  due  time  the  plan  was 
revised,  the  choice  of  the  Central  Board  was  transferred  from  the 
W^ard  Associations  to  the  annual  meeting  of  the  general  society,  its 
initiative  and  oversight  was  strengthened,  and  the  wards  were  con- 
solidated into  eighteen  districts  ;  but  the  original  features  had  made 
a  deep  impression  which  has  not  been  obliterated.  The  business 
of  registration  and  co-operation  sank  into  control  of  the  district  or- 
ganizations ;  the  Central  office  drifted  into  the  specialty  of  caring 
for  non-residents  and  wayfarers'  lodges ;  and  the  society  remains  as 


it  started  out  to  be,  a  relief  agency  with   dvarity  (Jrgaaization   tradi- 
tions, j/ 

Newport. —  The  benevolent  community  of  Newport  was  aroused 
in  1878  to  the  need  of  better  co-operation  among  its  charities  by  a 
realization  that  a  large  proportion  of  the  population  of  that  prosper- 
ous and  wealthy  town  was,  through  the  enormous  increase  of  public 
and  private  almsgiving,  being  rapidly  pauperized.  A  study  of  the 
situation  revealed  the  astonishing  fact  that  "one  in  ten  of  the  popu- 
lation was  either  wholly  or  in  part  supported  by  charity,  and  that 
nearly  one-half  of  that  charity  was  thrown  away."  As  the  best 
remedy  for  meeting  the  growing  evil,  the  Charity  Organization 
Society  was  formed  Feb.  12,  1879.  None  of  our  societies  have 
continuously  done  more  intelligent  and  successful  work,  and  but  few 
have  accomplished  equal  results  in  uplifting  the  families  under  their 
care.  The  marked  feature  in  its  history  is  its  success  in  cultivating 
habits  of  thrift  and  of  saving  among  its  beneficiaries. 

Cincinnati. —  Cincinnati  was  promptly  in  the  field  Nov.  18, 
1879.  The  Associated  Charities  was  initiated  through  influences 
aroused  chiefiy  by  the  Women's  Christian  Association  and  other 
societies,  the  inaugural  meeting  being  held  the  same  hour  with  the 
first  annual  meeting  of  the  Philadelphia  society,  and  reciprocal  con- 
gratulations being  exchanged  between  them.  It  started  avowedly 
on  the  lines  laid  down  in  the  Boston  society,  but  practically  it  fell 
into  the  Philadelphia  methods,  and  created  or  adopted  twelve  dis- 
trict organizations  dispensing  relief  and  which  the  Central  Board 
was  not  able  to  control.  Fortunately,  the  tact  and  force  of  the  Gen- 
eral Secretary  repressed  much  of  the  mischief,  secured  a  general 
registration,  and  gave  cohesion  to  the  system  until  1886,  when  he 
resigned  and  the  society  lapsed  into  a  relief  agency,  became  un- 
popular, and  was  about  to  be  abandoned;  when  in  1889  it  was  re- 
organized, the  district  treasuries  were  absorbed  into  one,  the  central 
authority  made  dominant,  and  the  distribution  of  relief  was  stopped, 
to  the  great  increase  of  efficiency  and  public  confidence. 

Brooklyn. —  Brooklvn  was  another  centre  where  the  movement 
arose  spontaneously.  In  1877  a  commission  of  citizens  undertook 
the  investigation  of  outdoor  relief,  which  in  that  year  comprised 
46,350  beneficiaries  and  involved  an  expenditure  of  $141,207.  This 
resulted  in  restricting  municipal  outdoor  relief  to  coal  in  1878,  and 
in  its  total  abolition  the  next  j-ear.     In  1S79  Mr.  Seth  Low,  who  had 


lO 


been  providentially  and  unpremeditatedly  present  at  the  inauguration 
of  the  Buffalo  society  and  deeply  impressed  thereby,  enlisted  Mr. 
Alfred  T.  White  ;  and  they,  with  others  who  had  been  instrumental 
in  abolishing  the  outdoor  relief  of  the  city,  together  with  the  volun- 
teer visitors  of  the  outdoor  poor,  organized  the  Brooklyn  Bureau 
of  Charities,  which  does  not  give  relief,  but  maintains  wood-yards, 
laundries,  work-rooms,  and  a  woman's  lodging-house. 

Indianapolis. —  Indianapolis  enjoyed  the  labors  of  Rev.  Oscar  C. 
McCuUoch  as  president  of  the  Benevolent  Society,  in  which  office  he 
had  made  careful  studies  of  the  poor-relief  problem.  In  1876  Mr. 
King,  the  Township  Trustee  or  Overseer  of  the  Poor,  began  to 
systematize  and  improve  the  administration  of  poor-relief,  and  to- 
gether these  gentlemen  led  on  to  the  formation,  Dec.  5,  1879,  of  the 
Charity  Organization  Society. 

New  York. —  New  York,  as  the  largest  centre  of  population  in 
the  country,  demands  notice  here.  The  difficulties  encountered 
in  securing  influential  co-operation  in  1874  for  a  time  paralyzed 
further  effort,  although  the  necessity  for  some  organization  was  long 
discussed  by  persons  interested  in  charitable  enterprises.  In  1881 
the  matter  was  taken  up  by  the  State  Board  of  Charities,  and 
through  its  initiative  the  Charity  Organization  Society  of  the  City 
of  New  York  was  founded  in  January,  1882,  and  incorporated  on 
the  loth  of  May  following.  It  followed  the  Boston  plan  in  respect 
to  the  important  features  of  giving  no  relief  and  of  creating  district 
associations  maintained  from  a  common  treasury  and  under  central 
control. 

National  Conference. —  All  other  Charity  Organization  So- 
cieties in  the  United  States  trace  their  origin  to  these  now  enumer- 
ated, which  have  been  selected  not  only  as  among  the  earliest  in 
the  field,  but  as  illustrating  the  diversity  of  origin  of  the  movement, 
the  causes  which  immediately  led  to  the  associations  for  organizing 
charity,  and  the  two  types  of  societies,  those  which  combine  relief 
from  their  own  funds  with  their  methods  and  those  which  do  not. 
The  movement  found  an  expression  of  its  unity  in  the  National 
Conference  of  Char'ities  and  Correction,  which  is  itself  an  outgrowth 
of  the  American  Social  Science  Association.  It  is  first  mentioned 
in  the  proceedings  of  the  Chicago  Conference  of  1879,  where  Mr. 
Seth  Low  presented  a  description  of  the  work  in  Brooklyn,  and  a 
committee  was  formed  to  report  upon   Charity  Organization.     Two 


1 1 


years  later,  at  IJoston,  nineteen  societies  reported  to  the  National 
Conference ;  and  the  committee  grew  to  a  Section,  which  published  a 
separate  report  of  its  own  proceedings. 

Suppression  of  Outdoor  Relief. —  Simultaneously  with  the 
beginning  of  Charity  Organization,  and  promoted  by  the  same  men, 
there  was  a  repression  in  important  cities  of  official  outdoor  relief. 
-Returns  from  four  cities  for  that  time  give  the  following  results  ;  — 


City. 

Year. 

Out-relief. 

Year. 

Out-relief. 

Brooklvn       

1877 

1877 
1876 

1879 

$141,207 
99,196 
90,000 
66,000 

1880 
1880 
1880 
1880 

None. 

Buffahj      .     .          

$37,868 
8,000 
None. 

350,535 

Indianapolis,  Centre  Township        .     . 

Philadelphia 

Amount  saved  to  ta.x-payers  .... 

Total 

$396,403 

$396,403 

While  this  elimination  of  outdoor  relief  was  not  pressed  by  formal 
action  of  our  societies,  Charity  Organizationists  claimed  the  credit  of 
it  as  the  result  of  their  agitation  and  personal  effort,  and  it  was  ex- 
actly in  the  line  of  the  principles  they  advocated.  Diligent  inquiry 
showed  that  no  sutifering  ensued  in  consequence  of  the  withdrawal, 
while  the  admissions  to  almshouses  and  infirmaries  in  the  cities  named 
contemporaneously  decreased.  This  event  attracted  wide  attention 
in  watchful  official  circles,  evinced  the  value  of  the  investigations 
which  preceded  it,  and  disclosed  the  worse  than  useless  prodigality 
of  outdoor  relief.  Its  influence  spread  far  and  wide  beyond  the 
limits  where  it  could  be  statistically  followed,  and  was  the  begin- 
ning of  a  wiser  administration  of  the  charitable  funds  raised  by  taxa- 
tion in  many  communities. 

Ten  Years  of  Growth. —  In  1882  there  were  twenty-two  Char- 
ity Organization  Societies  known  to  exist  in  the  United  States,  and 
ten  others  which  had  adopted  some  of  the  leading  features  of  this 
movement,  and  were  enrolled  as  correspondents  with  the  former  so- 
cieties. They  embraced  cities  and  towns  having  a  population  of 
6,331,700,  or  twelve  per  cent,  of  the  total  of  the  United  States;  and 
among  them  were  the  chief  centres  of  influence  in  the  country.  Of 
these  societies  ten  were  in  or  had  just  completed  the  first  year  of 
their  operations ;  and  among  them  were  some  destined  to  be  the  most 
important  in  the  Union,  administering  in  incorporated  populations  of 


12 


2,363,138.  From  this  point  it  is  practicable  to  make  tables  and 
comparisons  which  exhibit  the  growth,  mode  of  operations,  and  re- 
sults of  the  Charity  Organization  movement  for  a  decade  in  the 
United  States.     (See  Appendix  B.) 

At  the  close  of  the  year  1892  there  were  ninety-two  Charity  Or- 
ganization and  affiliated  societies, —  an  increase  of  two  hundred  and 
seventy-eight  per  cent,  in  ten  years  ;  and  they  were  located  in  cities 
and  towns  comprising  a  population  estimated  at  11,080,766  (by  cen- 
sus of  1890,  10,419,150).  Of  these,  six  were  founded  in  1883,  nine 
in  1884,  five  in  1885,  four  in  1886,  two  in  1887,  six  in  1888,  six  in 
1889,  six  in  1890,  four  in  1891,  and  five  in  1892.  Of  these,  thirty- 
two  report  that  their  organizations  sprang  up  independently  of  other 
charitable  societies ;  fifteen,  that  they  were  promoted  by  existing 
charities  ;  six,  that  they  were  reorganizations ;  one,  that  it  was  a  con- 
solidation of  two  movements  ;  and  one,  that  it  was  the  enlargement  of 
a  committee  to  investigate  outdoor  poor  relief.  In  nearly  every  in- 
stance the  motive  leading  to  these  organizations  is  declared  to  have 
been  discontent  with  the  prodigality  and  inefficiency  of  public  relief, 
and  the  chaotic  state  of  private  charity.  Twenty-two  of  our  associa- 
tions report  that  voluntary  charity  was  lavish,  uninformed,  and  aim- 
less, with  no  concert  of  action  ;  two,  that  it  was  variable,  and  there- 
fore unreliable  ;  one,  that  it  was  impeded  by  discouragement ;  and 
one,  that  it  did  not  exist  in  the  community. 

Two  Types. —  Classified  by  their  relation  to  almsgiving,  twenty- 
five  of  our  associations  report  that  they  do  not  give  material  relief 
from  their  own  funds  ;  twenty,  that  they  do  relieve  :  nine,  that  they 
do  so  only  in  emergent  cases,  of  which  two  add  that  they  do  so  in 
order  to  avoid  official  outdoor  relief.  Thus  two  classes  are  formed, 
one  of  which  comprises  almsgiving  agencies  in  which  thirty  societies 
enroll  themselves,  and  the  other  relies  upon  other  societies  and  upon 
individuals  for  the  physical  resources  it  recommends,  and  thus  se- 
cures relief  by  co-operation ;  and  in  tliis  class  twenty-five  societies 
enroll  themselves.  Of  the  twenty  relief-giving  societies,  six  are 
affiliated  or  are  older  organizations  readjusted.  Omitting  these,  we 
find  that  fifty-one  per  cent,  of  those  reporting  to  us  do  not  directlv 
relieve,  while  forty-nine  per  cent.  do.  In  1881  there  were  but  twelve 
relieving  and  seven  non-relieving  societies  reporting, —  a  percentage 
of  sixty-three  to  the  former  and  thirty-seven  to  the  latter.  These  are 
instructive  figures,  showing  the  tendency  of  the  movement,  when  its 


13 

principles  are  faithfully  followed,  toward  the  type  of  a  pure  organiza- 
tion agency  as  the  complement  of  the  other  charitable  enterprises  of 
society.     (See  Appendix  C.) 

Propaganda. —  The  methods  taken  to  disseminate  Charity  Organi- 
zation principles  are  various.  Most  of  the  societies  publish  annual 
reports,  though  a  few  of  the  smaller  ones  publish  nothing.  In  a  few 
instanced,  monthly  reports  are  published.  There  are  thirteen  soci- 
eties which  rely  for  the  promulgation  of  their  views  solely  upon  per- 
sonal advocacy  and  the  results  of  their  work  ;  twenty  make  use  of 
local  papers,  one  of  them  maintaining  a  weekly  column  in  a  local  news- 
paper ;  sixteen  issue  occasional  papers,  tracts,  and  pamphlets  ;  four 
publish  periodicals ;  and  several  make  use  of  public  conferences, 
lectures,  and  meetings.  There  are  also  in  several  cities  Directories  of 
Charities,  describing  the  benevolent  institutions  and  associations 
therein,  which  are  prepared  by  Charity  Organization  Societies. 

Lapsed  Societies. —  It  is  known  to  this  committee  that  thirteen 
Charity  Organization  Societies  have  been  formed  and  dissolved. 
They  were  located  as  follows,  the  dates  of  their  organization  being 
also  given  as  far  as  ascertained  :  — 

.  Altoona,  Pa.  1884.  Paterson,  N.J. 


18S2.  Chicago.     Merged  in  a  relief  society.  1881.  Princeton,  N.J. 

1886.  Columbus,  Ohio.  1885.  Quincy,  111. 

18S6.  Dedham,  Mass.  1884.  Sandusky,  Ohio. 

1883.  District  of  Columbia.     Suspended.  1888.  St.  Joseph,  Mo. 

18S1.  Lowell,  Mass.  1890.  Toledo,  Ohio. 
1883.  Moline,  111. 

There  are  twenty-five  societies  enrolled  which  have  made  no  re- 
port, of  which  six  are  on  the  affiliated  or  readjusted  list.  Some  of 
these  preserve  an  organization  as  a  nucleus  for  rebuilding,  and  some 
are  the  chief  relieving  agencies  of  the  communities  in  which  they  are 
located.  A  few  are  practically  in  suspension.  Various  causes  may 
be  assigned  for  the  creation  of  this  delinquent  and  lapsed  list.  For 
the  most  part  it  embraces  comparatively  small  communities,  where 
the  field  for  combining  benevolent  enterprises  is  small,  and  in  some 
cases  the  management  of  poor-relief  is  fairly  good  and  easily  influ- 
enced. There  are  instances  where  the  Charity  Organization  Society 
was  the  first  and  only  general  non-sectarian  association  in  the  town, 
and  it  drifted  into  the  work  of  relief.  More  frequently  the  nascent 
society  yielded  to   the   opposition   of  the   friends   of  the  old  system, 


M 

or  was  planted  in  a  community  not  prepared  to  comprehend  and 
maintain  it,  or  it  lacked  the  superintendency  essential  to  the  promo- 
tion of  a  reform  so  radical  and  complex  as  that  involved  in  the  re- 
adjustment of  the  benevolence  of  a  whole  community.  Probably  the 
lack  of  trained  and  capable  superintendents,  and  of  suitable  Friendly 
Visitors  prepared  to  bear  the  restraints  of  Charity  Organization,  is 
the  chief  cause  of  miscarriage ;  for  where  a  society  has  been  able  to 
command  these,  and  to  put  them  in  control  of  its  work,  it  has  taken 
root  and  won  support  to  its  standards. 

On  Reports  from  Societies. —  The  last  ten  years  of  the  history 
of  Charity  Organization  this  report  will  exhibit  in  tabulated  statistics 
appended  thereto,  merely  calling  attention  here  to  their  salient  points 
and  results.  For  its  preparation  a  circular  letter  was  prepared  (see 
Appendix  D),  and  sent  to  every  society  know  to  your  committee.  It 
is  to  be  regretted  that  many  of  the  returns  were  so  imperfect  as  to 
render  them  useless  for  purposes  of  comparison  or  for  illustrating 
the  growth  of  the  movement.  In  some  instances,  the  society  had 
kept  no  records  which  would  supply  the  information  sought ;  in 
others,  the  correspondent  misconceived  the  object  of  the  question, 
and  replied  in  general  terms  instead  of  statistics ;  and  in  still  others 
there  was  little  appreciation  of  the  importance  of  this  occasion  or  the 
\'alue  of  full  and  accurate  reports.  On  the  other  hand,  many  of  the 
returns  bear  evidence  of  excellent  office  records,  systematic  work, 
and  painstaking  to  fill  the  blanks  in  the  circular  fully  and  accurately. 
A  study  of  the  appendices  to  this  report  will  disclose  the  imperfec- 
tions referred  to.  From  the  material  furnished  the  following  exhibit 
is  made. 

Changes  of  Method.  Relief  Adopted. —  In  a  movement  of  so 
recent  origin  there  has  been  but  small  room  to  judge  of  the  effects  of 
various  methods  and  to  devise  new  plans  of  work.  Most  of  the 
Charity  Organization  Societies  still  adhere  to  the  methods  with 
which  they  started  out.  Still  there  are  three  distinct  phases  of 
development  to  be  detected  in  the  growth  of  their  work :  (i)  the 
adoption  of  material  relief;  (2)  the  abolition  or  reduction  of  such 
relief;  and  (3)  the  expansion  of  Friendly  Visiting  and  provident 
enterprises.  Four  societies  report  a  change  from  organizing  and 
co-operative  work  by  adding  thereto  the  distribution  of  some  form 
of  alms.  Worcester  at  first  created  a  separate  treasury  known  as 
the   Fund  of  lienevolent  Individuals,  on  which  its  officers  drew  for 


15 

cases  of  necessity ;  and  thus  it  began  with  keeping  its  organization 
and  visiting  work  apart  from  the  distribution  of  ahns.  But  the  ex- 
pedient was  cumbersome,  and  this  fund  was  absorbed  into  the  gen- 
eral treasury,  and  thence  distributed  as  the  need  of  appHcants  re- 
quired. At  the  same  time  this  relief  work  is  a  matter  of  regret,  and 
the  reason  assigned  for  its  continuance  is  the  small  number  and 
inadequacy  of  charity  societies  in  that  city.  In  Rochester,  under  the 
form  of  "  Immediate  Relief,"  our  society  has  entered  on  a  phase  of 
general  almsgiving,  probably  as  a  temporary  makeshift  until  some 
more  effectual  disposition  cap  be  made  of  cases  in  its  care.  But 
the  report  is  made  that  this  change  has  greatly  conciliated  public 
opinion,  and  increased  the  contributions  to  the  treasury  of  the  soci- 
ety. The  Lynn  society  became  trustee  of  a  bequest  for  the  benefit 
of  local  poor,  and  turned  the  income  into  a  loan  and  emergency 
fund ;  while  Minneapolis  established  an  emergency  fund,  but,  re- 
stricting its  use  to  its  paid  agents,  kept  its  Friendly  Visiting  corps 
free  from  being  entangled  with  its  distribution.  From  these  state- 
ments the  inference  is  that  alms  relief  has  been  for  the  most  part 
taken  up  in  a  very  restricted  way,  and  but  few  Charity  Organization 
Societies  which  did  not  begin  with  it  have  since  adopted  it. 

Relief  Withheld. —  On  the  other  hand,  several  of  our  societies  have 
distinctly  receded  from  the  work  of  material  relief,  to  seek  it  by  co- 
operation with  other  benevolent  agencies.  Notable  is  the  history  of 
Cincinnati,  the  experience  of  which  in  coquetting  with  relief  distribu- 
tion from  its  own  treasury  is  already  recited  above,  and  which  in 
consequence  came  near  the  verge  of  extinction.  Now,  freed  from 
that  alliance,  it  is  one  of  the  most  effective  societies  upon  the  list. 
A  like  experiment  went  on  in  Detroit.  Its  funds  were  withdrawn  from 
distribution  among  the  poor,  its  too  independent  district  associations 
were  abolished,  and  a  board  of  fifteen  trustees  was  put  in  complete 
charge  of  the  administration.  From  the  important  city  of  Philadel- 
phia, where  the  society  began  with  its  sovereignty  lodged  in  ward 
associations,  that  system  still  nominally  remains ;  but  the  report 
comes  that  the  Central  Board  has  gained  in  influence  and  authority 
over  the  ward  administrations,  and  is  now  enforcing  the  charity  organ- 
ization theory  more  vigorously  than  was  possible  at  first.  In  Pueblo 
and  San  Francisco  direct  relief  work  has  receded,  and  been  replaced 
with  better  systems  of  investigation  and  co-operation  with  other 
charitable   agencies.     Syracuse  has  restricted  its  material  relief  to 


iC 

the  merest  tiding  over,  through  co-cperating  agencies,  of  emergent 
cases  until  some  judgment  can  I^e  reached  on  the  better  disposition 
of  an  applicant  for  aid,  and  this  society  enrolls  itself  as  a  non-reliev- 
ing association.  In  Orange,  NJ.,  and  Seattle,  Wash.,  the  employ- 
ment of  a  paid  and  expert  superintendent  has  been  found  to  put  an 
end  to  feebleness  and  inefficiency. 

Devf.lopment. —  It  is  interesting  to  note  the  lines  of  development 
of  agencies  which  the  Charity  Organization  Societies  keep  in  their 
own  control.  The  influence  they  have  had  in  promoting  beneficent 
schemes  to  be  carried  on  by  others  will  be  touched  upon  in  later 
paragraphs.  The  developments  here  referred  to  are  those  which 
have  been  engrafted  on  our  societies  after  their  foundation  and  as  a 
result  of  experience.  But  the  inference  must  not  be  drawn  that  they 
are  peculiar  to  the  societies  enumerated.  Many  others  began  their 
career  with  Friendly  Visitors,  employment  agencies,  registration,  in- 
vestigation, and  provident  schemes,  and  where  these  features  are 
here  enumerated  they  simply' show  the  tendency  of  all  societies  to 
come  into  line  in  the  nature  of  their  work.  Baltimore  has  added  an 
employment  bureau  and  friendly  visiting  to  its  original  plan ;  so  also 
has  Brooklyn,  while  also  developing  labor  tests  of  real  need  ;  Ban- 
gor has  improved  its  system  of  registration  and  investigation  ;  New 
Haven  indexes  in  book  records  its  card  registration,  has  adopted 
friendly  visiting,  and  established  a  savings  fund ;  New  York  has 
learned  to  make  its  exchanges  of  information  more  prompt  and 
complete,  has  created  a  provident  savings  fund,  and  encouraged 
provident  schemes  and  labor  tests  ;  Waterbury  has  added  provident 
schemes ;  and  Wilmington,  Del.,  has  sought  larger  conformity  to  the 
work  of  the  greater  sister  societies. 

Finance. —  In  extenuation  of  the  enormous  percentages  of  con- 
tributing support,  which  otherwise  would  seem  extravagant,  it  must 
be  remembered  that  this  review  embraces  only  fourteen  organiza- 
tions in  1882,  several  of  which  were  in  their  first  year,  and  com- 
pares them  \vith  fifty-four  societies  reporting  ten  years  later.  This 
in  itself  represents  an  increase  of  nearly  three  hundred  per  cent,  in 
the  number  of  organizations  participating  in  this  report ;  and  the 
other  growths  are  closely  correspondent.  Thus  in  the  last  ten  years 
the  number  of  individual  contributors  quadrupled,  the  number  of 
contributing  churches  and  societies  increased  more  than  three  hun- 
dred and  seven  per  cent.,  while  nine  societies  received  aid  from  State 


17 

and  municipal  treasuries  to  the  extent  of  ;$i 7,878  in  1892,  and 
another  an  office  free  of  rent.  The  income  of  forty-eight  societies 
increased  threefold  in  1892  over  that  of  seventeen  in  1S82,  and 
reached  an  aggregate  of  $263,421.  Fourteen  societies  report  the 
beginning  of  invested  funds,  and  together  they  held  property  and 
securities  valued  at  $409,038.     (See  Appendix  E.) 

Real  Estate. —  The  real  estate  which  has  passed  into  possession 
of  Charity  Organization  Societies  demands  attention  not  only  for  its 
magnitude,  but  as  indicative  of  the  permanency  of  this  sort  of  work 
among  the  established  features  of  modern  social  life.  These  endow- 
ments  began  in  Buffalo,  1880,  when,  through  the  generosity  of  a  single 
individual,  the  Fitch  Creche  was  established  at  a  cost  of  about  $40,- 
000,  an  institution  which  has  done  much  to  promote  industry  and 
thrift  among  the  poor,  and  is  the  best  equipped  agency  of  the  kind 
in  America.  To  this  gift  Mr.  PJenjamin  Fitch  added  much  other 
property,  conveying  it  by  deed  of  trust  to  the  society  for  the  purpose 
of  encouraging  provident  schemes.  The  Fitch  Institute,  completed 
in  1883,  not  only  affords  offices  for  the  accommodation  of  the  soci- 
ety, but  within  it  are  comprised  an  Accident  Hospital  and  a  Train- 
ing School  for  nursery  maids  and  domestic  servants.  These  proper- 
ties form  the  greater  part  of  the  $300,000  invested  on  behalf  of  the 
Buffalo  society.  Very  noble  is  the  admirable  and  imposing  United 
Charities  Building  of  New  York,  erected  by  Mr.  John  S.  Kennedy, 
and  dedicated  March  6,  1893.  It  was  deeded  to  four  of  the  prin- 
cipal charity  societies  of  the  city,  who  manage  it  through  a  board  of 
trustees  chosen  by  them.  Each  has  an  equal  share  in  the  use  and 
income  of  the  structure,  and  one  of  these  is  the  Charity  Organiza- 
tion Society.  As  it  cost  over  $600,000,  the  equity  of  this  society  is 
valued  at  $150,000.  The  Charities  Building  in  Chardon  Street, 
Boston,  was  already  in  existence  when  the  Associated  Charities  of 
that  city  were  organized ;  and  here  that  society  has  always  had  its 
headquarters  free  of  rent.  It  was  built  in  part  by  private  subscrip- 
tions. The  Bridgeport  society  owns  a  building  valued  at  $11,000, 
that  of  Cleveland  one  valued  at  $23,000,  and  New  Haven  has  a  fund 
of  $30,000  dedicated  to  a  like  purpose.  These  edifices  are  centres 
of  conference,  co-operation,  and  exchanges  of  information,  and  vir- 
tually add  an  estimated  value  of  about  $220,000  to  the  invested  re- 
sources of  Charity  Organization  in  the  United  States,  making  a  total 
cf  $530,000. 


Internal  Organization.— With  pardonable    pride    attention    is 
called  to  the  fact  that  fifty-two  societies  report  placing  in  the  field  of 
administration  and  personal  service  of  the  needy  in  1892  an  army  of 
5,476  men  and  women.     This  number  is  below  the  actual  fact,  since 
seventeen  of   the  societies  make  no  return  of   their  administrative 
officers,  and  eight  none  of  their  Friendly  Visitors,  while  Philadelphia 
fails  to  enumerate  the  officers  and  visitors  of  its  eighteen  large  dis- 
trict societies  with  which   several    hundred  visitors  are  connected. 
The  total  number  is  doubtless  over  6,000.     This  report  would  gladly 
exhibit  the  relative  part  taken  by  men  and  by  women  in  this  work ; 
but  its  conclusions  are  marred  by  the  fact  that  six  societies  have  not 
distinguished  the   sexes  in  their  returns,  and  these  embrace  some 
important  cities.     Where  no  distinction  has  been  made,  administra- 
tive offices  have  been  credited  to  men,   who  predominate  therein, 
and  for  a  like  reason  visitors  have  been  reckoned  as  women  in  our 
tables ;   and  the  results  as  stated  are  the  best  now  attainable.     In 
administrative  work  763  men,  an  increase  of   157  per  cent.,  in  ten 
years,  and  511  women,  an  increase  of  220  per  cent.,  were  engaged 
in  1892.     Of  paid  officials  the  same  year  there  were  7  7  men  (increase 
220  per   cent.)  and    135    women   (increase  250    per   cent.)    in    the 
service;  while  of    Friendly  Visitors  456  men    (increase    1,400    per 
cent.)  and  3,534  women  (increase  165  per  cent.)  toiled  in  the  homes 
or  over  the  ill-fortunes  of  applicants  for  aid.     As  74,704  cases  came 
under  the  notice  of  the  societies,  this  would  give  an  average  of  17.6 
cases  to  each  visitor, —  a  number  altogether  too  large  for  effective 
work.     Boston  has  developed  friendly  visiting  to  the    highest    effi- 
ciency, having  767  visitors  in  the  field.     There  this  feature  of  the 
work  is  regarded  as  "the  soul  of  the  movement,"  and  there  was  in 
1892  one  visitor  to  each  1.98  cases  treated.     Indeed,  here  the  Char- 
ity Organization  movement  grew  out  of  a  Friendly  Visitors'  Associa- 
tion.    Brooklyn  comes  next   on    the    list,  having    532   visitors,  and 
yet,  in  common  with  New  York,  feels  its  work  hampered  and  re- 
stricted by  the  lack  of   an  efficient  force    of   visitors.      Cincinnati 
regards  this  as  the  most  successful  feature  of  its  work;  and  from 
many  quarters    comes    the    expression    of  a    desire  to  enlarge    this 
department.     It  is  the  means  by  which  the  higher  resources  of  so- 
ciety, its  hope,  discipline,  thrift,  and  kindness  of  heart,  are  diffused 
among  the  depressed  and  those  who  have  fallen  by  the  way ;  it  is 
the  means  of  contact  with  poverty  of  mind  and  purse  ;  it  is  the  vital 


19 

agency  in  evoking  the  capacities  of  the  poor  for  self-maintenance.  If 
Charity  Organization  seeks  to  withdraw  that  material  relief  which 
weakens  independence,  it  does  so  in  order  to  replace  it  with  the 
choicer  and  holier  aid  of  wisdom,  self-control,  and  sympathy.  (See 
Appendix  V.)  Fifteen  societies  control  one  hundred  subordinate 
district  conferences  or  associations,  and  twenty-nine  avail  themselves 
of  conferences  among  officers  and  visitors  to  consider  methods  and 
the  disposition  to  be  made  of  individual  and  family  cases.  These 
conferences  range  from  weekly  through  monthly  and  quarterly  ses- 
sions. A  notable  example  of  kindred  work  lasted  through  the  first 
eight  years  of  the  Philadelphia  society.  Here  once  a  month  an 
Assembly  of  the  whole  society  was  held  and  numerously  attended,  at 
which  papers  were  read,  and  practical  discussions  maintained  on  the 
problems  of  charity;  and  the  effect  of  them  was  incalculable  in  edu- 
cating the  workers  and  even  the  community  in  a  sense  of  responsibil- 
ity for  their  poor  brothers  and  sisters.  It  was  a  popular  school  for 
teaching  charity,  and  did  much  to  plant  the  principles  of  Charity  Or- 
ganization in  the  confidence  of  the  public  and  to  unify  the  work  of 
the  large  and  too  independent  Ward  Associations. 

Lines  of  Work  Developed.  (See  Appendix  G.)  Repression  of 
Public  Outdoor  Relief. —  Outdoor  relief  from  tax-rates  was  long  ob- 
noxious to  the  students  of  the  English  poor-law  system  ;  and  Parlia- 
ment vainly  tried  to  abolish  it  by  confining  aid  to  the  workhouse, 
which  w^as  thus  intended  to  be  a  test  of  destitution.  But  the  laws 
broke  down,  and  the  vicious  distribution  by  parish  officers  still  went 
on.  Together  with  much  that  is  beyond  criticism  in  common  law, 
the  evils  of  this  system  were  imported  from  the  mother  country,  and 
were  widely  applied  in  the  United  States.  One  of  the  first  move- 
ments on  Charity  Organization  lines  was,  consequently,  a  widely  dif- 
fused effort  to  reform  or  abolish  municipal  outdoor  relief.  In  some 
instances,  as  in  Brooklyn  and  to  some  extent  in  Buffalo,  it  antedated 
the  Association  of  Charities  for  co-operative  work  and  directly  led 
thereto,  the  same  men  being  active  leaders  in  each  agitatioii.  In 
other  instances,  as  in  Philadelphia,  city  outdoor  relief  was  abandoned 
because  the  Charity  Organization  Societies  stood  ready  to  make  it 
needless.  It  was  a  distribution  of  alms  very  much  suspected  as  con- 
tribution to  political  corruption  ;  and  where  its  administration  escaped 
this  suspicion  there  was  little  responsibility  for  the  individual  appli- 
cation of  the  appropriation,  and  less  investigation  into  the  needs  and 


20 

habits  of  the  recipients.  The  mere  existence  of  an  appropriation 
from  the  public  treasury  was  demoralizing  to  the  poor,  who  thought 
they  had  a  right  to  a  share  in  it  and  felt  no  gratitude  for  so  imper- 
sonal and  official  a  dole.  It  would  be  gratifying,  if  the  statistics  were 
to  be  had,  to  show  what  Charity  Organization  has  done  directly  in 
lightening  the  tax-payers'  burden ;  but  this  is  a  matter  of  minor  signifi- 
cance compared  with  the  more  humane  remedial  aims  of  the  move- 
ment. Only  eight  societies  have  supplied  definite  figures,  and  the 
results  are  given  in  this  table  :  — 

Brooklyn, —  abolished  in  1S7S  ;  amount  appropriated  in  1S77,  .  .  .  .$141,207.00 
Buffalo, —  average  reduction,  50  per  cent.;  amount  saved  per  annum,  .       50,000.00 

Burlington,  la., —  reduction  in  one  year 4.000.00 

Hartford,  Conn., —  reduction,  65  per  cent.;  amount  saved  per  annum,  .       26,000.00 
Indianapolis, —  reduction,  91  per  cent.;  amount   appropriated  in   18S0 
less  than  in  1S76  (this  city  now  reports  applications  for  aid  re- 
duced one-half) 82,000.00 

New  Haven,  Conn., —  reduction  in  one  year  (also  one  relief  society's 

expenditure  fell  from  $2,000  to  3500), 10,000.00 

Omaha,  Neb., —  reduction  in  one  year, 1 5,000.00 

Philadelphia, —  abolished  in  1880;  average  appropriations  to 

1S79, $66,000 

Less  outdoor  medical  relief  continued,  averaging  per  year 

about o 6,000      60,000.00 

Syracuse, —  reduction,  43  per  cent. ;  amount  saved  per  annum,  .  .  .  10,850.00 
Taunton,  Mass.,— abolished, 10,423.00 

Total  present  annual  reduction, $409,480.00 

Besides  this  sum,  in  Cincinnati  and  Minneapolis  the  municipal 
outdoor  relief  has  diminished  one-half,  notwithstanding  the  increase 
of  population.  Albany  and  Portland,  Ore.,  note  its  decrease.  In 
Detroit  its  distribution  has  been  turned  over  to  a  special  commission 
appointed  by  the  mayor  and  presumably  removed  from  partisan 
political  control.  In  Newark  it  has  been  restricted  to  bread  and 
coal  tickets  during  the  three  winter  months,  but  is  continued  to 
widows  and  the  aged  the  year  round.  In  Lawrence  and  Maiden, 
Mass.,  Newburg,  N.Y.,  Plainfield,  N.J.,  San  Francisco,  Springfield. 
Ohio,  and  Waterbury,  Conn.,  it  has  been  administered  with  increas- 
ing discrimination,  while  from  Boston  it  is  reported  that  the  Over- 
seers of  the  Poor  make  more  thorough  investigation,  more  rigidly 
exclude  persons  able  to  support  themselves  and  those  addicted  to 
drink  or  vice. 


21 

Street  Begging. —  From  the  important  cities  of  Albany,  Boston, 
Charleston,  S.C,  Cleveland,  Davenport,  Detroit,  Newark,  N.J.,  New 
Haven,  Omaha,  Philadelphia,  Portland,  Ore.,  Rochester,  N.Y.,  San 
Francisco,  Syracuse,  and  Waterbmy,  Conn.,  information  comes  that 
street  begging  has  been  perceptibly  diminished.  In  five  of  these 
titles  it  is  pronounced  suppressed,  which  means  at  least  the  mendi- 
cants no  longer  flaunt  their  rags  and  deformities  before  the  eyes  of 
citizens  or  wail  their  dolorous  cant  in  the  public  ear.  Albany  and 
Davenport  send  the  touching  words  that  child-begging  has  ceased. 
New  York  deals  energetically  with  this  imposture,  employing  two 
special  olificers  to  deal  with  this  class  of  cases.  An  analyzed  record 
is  kept  of  the  cases;  and  in  1892  63.4  per  cent,  were  found  to  be 
inmates  of  cheap  lodging-houses  and  police  stations,  20.7  to  have 
homes,  and  2.9  could  not  be  traced  to  any  abode.  Of  these  79  per  ' 
cent,  were  able-bodied,  and  21  per  cent,  were  maimed,  sick,  or  aged. 
To  give  to  these  maimed  and  aged  ones  on  the  streets  was  cruelty, 
as  it  kept  them  from  the  more  humane  and  adequate  provision  of 
the  almshouse.  Instructed  in  all  cases  to  offer  the  services  of  the 
society  for  the  relief  of  apparent  necessity,  the  officers  caused  the 
arrest  and  imprisonment  of  48  per  cent.,  warned  44  per  cent,  to 
desist  from  begging,  and  the  rest  were  either  put  beyond  the  so- 
ciety's reach  by  the  magistrate  or  referred  to  the  care  of  some 
church  or  district  committee.  These  are  the  only  records  within 
reach  that  permit  a  study  and  classification  of  the  street-beggar 
genus,  and  probably  the  ratios  here  given  will  hold  good  for  the 
whole  class  throughout  the  country.  This  work  in  New  York,  Bos- 
ton, and  Buffalo  is  impeded  by  the  custom  there  of  granting  licenses 
to  maimed  and  afflicted  persons  to  play  musical  instruments  and  to 
peddle  small  wares  on  the  street,  under  which  guise  much  soliciting 
of  alms  from  passers-by  takes  place. 

Vagrants. —  The  homeless  and  the  wanderers  furnish  a  class 
known  in  poor-law  legislation  as  vagrants.  Whether  these  be  sturdy 
vagabonds  or  dislodged  unfortunates.  Charity  Organization  aims  to 
end  their  vagrancy  by  placing  them  again  in  some  sort  of  social 
relations,  either  by  force  of  law  or  by  some  sifting  process  which 
separates  the  curable  from  the  chronic  cases.  In  the  repression  of 
vagrancy  three  resources  have  been  employed, —  the  police  for  the 
incorrigible  and  dissolute,  labor  tests  as  a  means  of  discriminating 
those  who  have  abandoned  themselves  to  a  predatory  career  from 


22 


those  who  are  willing  to  use  the  means  afforded  for  reaching  self- 
support,  and  lodgings  where  wayfarers  may  abide  temporarily  while 
in  pursuit  of  employment.  Some  of  th*^  Wayfarers'  Lodges  employ 
labor  tests,  but  the  favorite  form  of  such  tests  is  the  wood-yard. 
The  oldest  and  most  systematic  of  these  combined  lodges  and  tests 
is  in  Boston,  where  the  city  took  up  the  work  in  1879.  ^^  ^^  once 
relieved  the  police  station  houses  of  the  "casuals,"  and  spared  the 
unfortunates  who  were  desirous  of  self-maintenance  the  humiliation 
and  contamination  of  police  stations.  Here,  too,  the  purification  of 
the  person  and  the  clothing  of  the  beneficiaries  were  scrupulously  at- 
tended to,  accompanied  by  the  strong  re-enforcement  of  that  cleanli- 
ness which  restores  one's  self-respect.  This  system  has  also  been 
carried  to  a  wide  extent  in  Philadelphia  ;  and  here  the  Charity'  Or- 
ganization Society,  at  its  own  expense,  performs  for  the  city  the  work 
of  relieving  the  station  houses  and  streets  from  \he  casuals.  Upon 
this  department  the  society  spent  54  per  cent,  in  1892  of  the  income 
of  its  Central  Treasury  (or  $14,911.33),  and  was  reimbursed  by  sales 
from  the  wood-yard  to  the  extent  of  66  per  cent.  ($9,984.59),  and  by 
an  appropriation  from  the  State  of  23.4  per  cent.  ($3,500  a  year). 
This  system  is  regarded  there  as  the  most  successful  and  beneficent 
department  of  the  general  work  of  the  society.  It  comprises  two 
separate  agencies,  one  for  dealing  with  non-residents,  of  whom  half 
are  received  from  the  City  Department  of  Public  Safety.  Every 
effort  is  made  to  return  these  casuals  to  their  kindred  or  the  towns 
where  they  had  domiciles,  and  facilities  for  doing  this  are  freely 
granted  by  the  transportation  companies.  The  labor  tests  are 
chiefly  connected  with  the  Wayfarers'  Lodges,  where  15,476  wan- 
derers found  shelter  and  assistance  in  1892.  The  work  of  the  so- 
ciety in  the  rural  district  of  Bryn  Mawr  is  chiefly  of  this  kind.  It 
may  be  said  that  the  encouragement  of  labor  tests  is  a  prevalent 
purpose  of  Charity  Organization  Societies  everywhere,  whether  con- 
trolled by  them  or  set  up  by  municipal  authority  or  by  other  so- 
cieties. The  system,  being  necessarily  compulsory  to  a  large  extent, 
requires  the  co-operation  of  the  police  authorities,  which  is  usually 
easily  obtained,  since  it  releases  them  from  the  care  of  thousands 
who  are  charged  with  no  misdemeanor,  and  who  ought  not  to  be 
taken  before  a  magistrate.  It  is  reported  to  us  that  twenty-seven  of 
our  societies  in  dealing  with  this  vagabondage  lodged  70.9  per  cent, 
and  subjected  26  per  cent,  to  labor  tests.     This  distinction  between 


23 


lodging  and  labor  tests  does  not,  however,  seem  trustworthy,  since, 
as  a  rule,  both  are  practised  in  combination. 

In  addition,  1 1 7  cases  of  fraudulent  schemes,  especially  those 
pretending  to  be  organizations  for  charitable  purposes,  were  de- 
tected and  exposed,  and  in  some  cases  broken  up,  in  1892,  by 
far  the  greater  part  of  this  suppression  having  occurred  in  New 
York  City. 

Co-operation. —  The  very  name  of  Charity  Organization  indicates  a 
paramount  purpose  to  bring  about  the  co-operation  of  those  engaged 
in  ministering  to  the  poor  and  unfortunate.  In  so  far  as  this  result 
remains  unattained,  the  practice  of  Charity  Organization  falls  below  its 
theory  and  standards.  The  scheme  of  registration  was  devised  to 
compass  this  end,  investigation  is  meant  to  facilitate  it,  the  restriction 
upon  Friendly  Visitors  in  the  matter  of  almsgiving  is  based  upon  it. 
Vet  co-operation  is  one  of  the  most  difficult  of  attainments.  Various 
causes  obstruct  the  work  of  our  societies  in  this  direction.  In  some 
cities  there  exists  a  distinct  hostility  in  the  older  charitable  societies 
to  Charity  Organization.  They  resent  the  implication  that  their 
work  may  need  amending  or  they  are  unwilling  to  submit  to  any 
outside  judgment.  But  more  common  by  far  is  the  simple  inertia  of 
churches  and  societies.  They  do  not  oppose  :  they  often  approve 
our  principles  and  aims ;  but  they  do  not  take  the  trouble  to  keep 
records,  report  cases,  or  consult  the  registration  bureaus.  Co-opera- 
tion is  a  thing  of  slow  growth,  but  each  advance  made  and  held  is  a 
distinct  and  decisive  triumph  of  organization  ideals.  Out  of  forty 
societies  embraced  in  this  branch  of  our  inquiry,  thirty-one  claim 
a  co-operation,  more  or  less  complete,  with  municipal  agencies  of 
relief.  The  ratio  thereof  is  the  high  one  of  97  per  cent.,  and  it  is 
gratifying  to  learn  that  in  some  important  centres  it  is  cordial  and 
unrestrained.  The  returns  of  thirty  societies  show  that  together 
they  have  established  a  practical  co-operation  with  one-third  of  the 
charitable  agencies  and  institutions  in  their  cities.  Our  inquiries 
have  elicited  the  unexpected  and  gratifying  fact  that  in  thirty-four 
cities  co-operation  has  been  attained  with  44  per  cent,  of  the  churches 
located  in  them.  So  variously  has  the  inquiry  concerning  co-opera- 
tion with  individuals  been  understood  and  answered  that  no  useful 
generalization  can  be  made  about  it.  It  was  intended  to  elicit  the 
number  of  persons  immediately  engaged  in  some  work  of  compassion 
for  a  family  or  an  individual,  who  had  used  the  records  or  investiga- 


24 

tions  or  agencies  of  Charity  Organization  in  effecting  tlieir  purpose. 
The  matter  is  obscure,  and  must  be  passed  here  without  further  re- 
mark than  that  the  reports  from  the  larger  towns  and  cities  are  quite 
uniformly  encouraging. 

Registration. —  It  is  a  singular  mark  of  the  general  and  deep  im- 
pression upon  the  public  mind  concerning  the  imposture  and  worth- 
lessness  of  applications  for  relief  that  registration  and  investigation 
should  be  regarded  as  a  sort  of  detective  and  repressive  system. 
This  feature  of  Charity  Organization  is  to  the  popular  and  superficial 
mind  the  most  obnoxious  one  of  our  work.  Yet  the  dread  that  light 
thrown  upon  pauperism  would  reveal  the  great  extent  of  its  mendac- 
ity and  vicious  origin  is  in  truth  a  most  forcible  argument  against 
indiscriminate,  dissociated,  and  disorderly  almsgiving.  It  is  true 
that  registration  and  investigation  form  a  sieve  that  separates,  with 
a  practical  justice,  cases  entitled  by  misfortune  to  material  relief  from 
those  who  would  pervert  such  aid  to  the  prolongation  of  self-ruinous 
habits;  but  even  then  it  does  not  remove  from  humane  care  those 
who  are  technically  called  "undeserving."  It  only  creates  a  classi- 
fication which  dictates  different  modes  of  treatment.  It  is  essential 
that  the  physician  should  know  what  ails  his  patient  before  he  pre- 
scribes, and  not  give  a  splint  to  the  consumptive  and  cod-liver  oil  to 
the  man  with  broken  bones.  The  good  Samaritan  knew  better  than 
to  set  the  robber  on  his  ass,  or  to  give  the  wounded  wayfarer  only 
his  pence,  or  expend  his  wine  and  oil  on  the  able-bodied  landlord. 

But  the  detective  and  repressive  effects  of  registration  and  investi- 
gation are  but  incidental  to  them  under  present  social  conditions. 
Their  true  purpose  is  far  greater  and  grander,  and  were  all  imposture 
and  dishonest  design  to  cease  in  the  field  of  pauperism  there  would 
still  be  need  of  these  two  processes.  The  information  accumulated 
by  them  not  only  lays  bare  the  false  address,  the  professional  beggar, 
and  the  slum-degraded  debauchee,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  it  main- 
tains the  cause  of  the  upright  poor,  and  supplies  their  credentials  to 
sympathy  and  help.  It  would  not  abolish  overlapping,  but  adjust 
it  so  that  the  alms  from  one  source  may  complement  the  alms  from 
another,  and  so  concert  them  that  they  may  be  timely,  appropriate, 
and  adequate.  But,  above  all,  it  is  the  key  to  co-operation.  The 
records  of  the  registration  bureau  enable  the  Charity  Organizationist 
to  say  to  all  who  toil  for  the  relief  of  penury:  "We  have  that  informa- 
tion which  is  invaluable  to  you,  if  you   would  do  your  work  wisely 


25 

and  efficiently.  We  cannot  compel  co-operation,  but  we  can  serve 
you,  and  by  service  become  your  auxiliary  and  friend." 

There  are  two  sides  to  registration.  Societies  and  individuals  may 
make  use  of  our  archives  for  guidance  in  administering  their  own 
relief,  and  they  may  also  enlarge  our  records  by  reporting  the 
families  and  persons  whom  they  aid.  The  first  form  of  co-operation 
is  by  far  the  more  common :  it  is  much  rarer  for  churches,  societies, 
and  private  almsgivers  to  report  to  us  their  own  operations.  Often 
this  default  is  not  from  lack  of  approval  of  our  aims  and  work, 
nor  from  want  of  cordial  sympathy  and  intercourse,  but  simply  owing 
to  the  need  of  adopting  unwonted  methods  and  the  labor  required  in 
the  systematic  exchange  of  information.  Were  our  bureaus  of  regis- 
tration replenished  and  used  as  the  Charity  Organization  theory  re- 
quires, the  active  benevolences  of  society  would  fall  into  alignment, 
and  move  as  a  disciplined  army,  animated  with  a  common  purpose, 
each  company  supporting  the  others,  to  the  conquest  of  the  prob- 
lems of  penury,  misery,  and  degradation.  It  seems  incredible  that 
the  nine-tenths  of  society  which  is  whole  and  sound  cannot  in  due 
time  concert  measures,  and  unitedly  work  them  out,  which  would 
renovate  the  other  tenth. 

Administrators  of  public  official  relief  recognize  that  they  are  the 
servants  of  society,  and  responsible  to  it  for  the  way  in  which  they 
perform  their  work ;  and  hence  they  are  the  most  willing  to  open  their 
records  to  our  societies.  In  New  England,  how'ever  outside  of  Bos- 
ton and  Newport,  the  Overseers  of  the  Poor  seem  reticent  and 
obstructive.  In  eleven  *  large  cities  it  is  claimed  that  the  bureaus  of 
registration  are  working  in  unrestricted  harmony  and  completeness 
with  poor-law  officials.  Minneapolis  and  New  Haven  estimate  that 
their  records  cover  nine-tenths  of  the  municipal  relief  cases :  in 
Albany,  Buffalo,  and  Rochester  the  ratio  ranges  from  one  to  three-quar- 
ters ;  and  in  three  other  cities  this  form  of  co-operation  is  returned 
as  partial  or  considerable.  Registration  for  other  voluntary  societies 
is  returned  for  only  twelve  cities,  and  ranges  from  25  per  cent, 
of  such  societies  in  Lynn,  Mass.,  to  go  per  cent,  in  New  York 
and  New  Haven.  Doubtless,  as  in  New  York,  many  of  these  soci- 
eties register  only  the  cases  on  which  they  desire  to  consult  the 
central    records.     In    Boston    35     per   cent,   of    the    cases    tak_Mi 

•They  are  Boston,  Burlington,  la.,  Cincinnati,  Detroit,  Milwaukee,  Newark,  N.J.,  Newport, 
R.I.,  New  York,  Salem,  Mass.,  Seattle,  Wash.,  and  Syracuse. 


up  by  the  Associated  Charities  are  referred  thither  by  other  chari- 
table societies.  The  average  extent  of  this  exchange  would  appear 
to  be  with  59  per  cent,  of  the  recognized  voluntary  charities  of 
twelve  cities.  Fourteen  societies  have  registered  for  churches,  re- 
porting from  10  to  80  per  cent,  of  the  whole  number  in  their 
communities  to  be  pledged  to  the  principle,  but  registering  (as  in  the 
case  of  societies)  with  varying  degrees  of  fidelity,  New  York  taking 
the  lead.  Such  service  for  asylums  and  similar  private  institutions 
is  naturally  restricted,  as  their  beneficiaries  are  less  fluctuating  in 
numbers,  and  admission  to  them  is  of  a  more  formal  character.  For 
eight  societies  the  registration  service  has  extended  to  from  five  to 
seventy-five  per  cent,  of  the  whole  number  of  such  institutions,  New 
Haven  leading.  In  some  societies  registration  has  been  found  cum- 
bersome, and  is  not  systematically  undertaken.  In  others,  notably 
in  Boston  and  New  York,  it  is  carried  to  constantly  increasing  effi- 
ciency, both  as  to  fulness  and  accuracy  of  statistics  and  as  to 
promptness  in  making  the  service  available  to  others.  As  might  be 
expected,  the  New  York  accumulated  records  are  very  large,  and  em- 
brace at  least  170,000  families  or  parts  of  families.  Where  this  work 
has  been  well  maintained,  our  societies  find  it  invaluable,  as  well  for 
their  own  visitors  as  for  promoting  co-operation,  and  commending 
their  work  to  other  societies  and  to  philanthropic  minds. 

In  1886  a  plan  was  proposed  in  Buffalo  of  a  central  registration 
bureau  for  all  the  Charity  Organization  Societies,  which  should  con- 
fine itself  to  recording,  travelling,  and  professional  mendicants.  It 
was  a  scheme  for  the  suppression  of  "  rounders,"  or  professional, 
genteel,  travelling  mendicants,  but  proved  to  be  premature ;  for 
there  were  not  enough  registering  societies  to  make  it  effective. 

Social  State. —  Another  important  plan  was  devised  at  the  same 
time  for  the  classification  of  applicants  for  relief  according  to  their 
family  relations,  ages,  and  nationality.  It  is  mentioned  in  this  con- 
nection because  it  involves  the  methods  and  details  of  registration. 
It  went  into  fairly  general  operation  in  1889,  when  the  blank  forms 
were  agreed  upon  and  published  by  action  of  this  National  Confer- 
ence. (See  Appendix  H,)  It  is  based  on  the  joint  experience  of 
the  American  societies,  and  elicited  the  approval  of  the  first  Interna- 
tional Conference  of  Charities  held  in  Paris, —  a  Conference,  by  the 
way,  which  declared  the  Charity  Organization  Societies  of  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States  to  be  the  most  wiselv   contrived  and  efiicient 


27 

agencies  for  dealing  with  the  social  problems  of  penury  and  misfort- 
une known  to  it.  It  is  highly  gratifying  to  state  that  the  gathering 
of  materials  for  this  report  elicited  the  fact  that  thirty-one  of  our 
most  important  (Organization  Societies  have,  with  commendable  com- 
pleteness, adhered  to  the  plan,  and  kept  valuable  records.  A  brief 
summary  of  the  results  reached  may  be  given  as  follows.  Of  over 
15,000  cases  reported, — 

34-59  ps^  cent,  were  married  couples. 

19.03  "  "  "  widows. 

6.55  "  "  "  deserted  wives. 

6.30  "  "  "  single  women. 

3.74  "  "  "  widowers  or  deserted  husbands. 

25.84  "  "  "  single  men. 

1.09  "  "  "  orphaned  or  abandoned  children. 

Of  over  35,000  cases  reported, — 

46.52  per  cent,  were  under  20  years  of  age  (four-fifths  of  these  were 
mere  children). 
9.65  per  cent,  were  between  20  and  40  years. 
32.42    "       "         "  "         40  and  55  years. 

19.40    "       "         "  "         55  and  70  years. 

Only    1.66    "       "         "     over  70. 

Of  21,700  cases  reported, — 

42.21  per  cent,  were  white  persons  born  in  the  United  States. 


8.58 

colored  persons  born  in  the  United  States. 

3-52 

Canadians. 

5.60 

British. 

11.94 

German. 

19-54 

Irish. 

1-53 

Scandinavians. 

1.77 

Poles  and  Russians. 

The  rest  were  of  miscellaneous  origin  in  very  small  ratios.     Of  over 
6,600  cases, — 

75.77  per  cent,  could  both  read  and  write. 
5.84    "       "  "     read,  but  not  write. 

18.59    "       "         "     neither  read  nor  write. 

If  it  were  in  the  province  of  this  report  to  forsake  the  ground  of 
simple  retrospection  and  history,  it  would  be  interesting  to  comment 
on  these  social  conditions;    but  the  studious  philanthropist  will  hud 


28 

in  the  tables  accompanying  the  report  material  for  his  own  instruc- 
tive generalizations.  Yet  a  word  may  be  said  here  to  enforce  the 
value  of  keeping  uniform  records,  so  that  ample  and  trustworthy 
statistics  may  be  had.  Charity  Organization  is  far  from  claiming 
that  the  problems  of  pauperism  have  been  solved.  It  only  promises 
that  they  shall  be  studied,  so  that  the  causes  and  sources  of  misery 
may  be  discovered  and  appropriate  methods  for  dealing  with  its 
manifold  forms  adopted.  Our  societies  are  the  only  agencies  in  the 
United  States  through  which  authentic  statistics  can  be  gathered, 
not  only  covering  a  census  of  relief-seekers,  but  eliciting  the  causes 
of  pauperism  and  exhibiting  the  results  of  various  methods  of  deal- 
ing with  it.  This  sort  of  information,  if  carefully  collected  and 
collated,  will  soon  become  a  treasury  of  details  to  which  the  sociolo- 
gist will  confidently  resort,  and  on  which  legislators,  reformers,  and 
workers  among  the  poor  have  already  begun  to  base  their  courses  of 
conduct.  The  function  is  one  of  wide  public  importance,  and  is  well 
worth  performing. 

Sanitary  Work. —  Improvement  of  the  hygienic  conditions  of 
humble  life  comes  to  Charity  Organization  Societies  only  as  an  inci- 
dent of  dealing  with  special,  and  these  generally  desperate,  cases  of 
bad  domiciles.  It  is  a  matter  ultimately  controlled  by  legislation, 
and  this  depends  on  the  diffusion  of  information  as  to  the  necessity 
for  and  the  modes  of  doing  it.  The  subject  will  be  returned  to  later 
on  ;  but  our  societies  in  the  larger  cities  have  given  it  much  pains- 
taking consideration,  and  seldom  lose  it  from  sight.  The  methods 
used  by  them  are  appeals  to  landlords  and  to  boards  of  health  in 
particular  cases,  the  removal  of  their  beneficiaries  from  unwholesome 
quarters,  the  promotion  of  open-air  excursions  for  women  and  chil- 
dren, and  the  obtaining  of  countrv  homes  for  those  who  will  remove 
to  them.     (See  Appendix  G.) 

Classified  Disposition  of  Cases.  (See  Appendix  I.)  —  From  the 
beginning  Charity  Organization  Societies  in  the  United  States  have 
followed  a  plan  of  recording  the  disposition  made  of  applicants 
whose  cases  came  under  their  charge,  which  conformed  in  a  general 
way  to  that  of  the  great  parent  society  in  London.  Modifications  of 
it  necessarily  have  taken  place  to  suit  the  conditions  o'f  each  locality, 
and  it  is  probable  that  in  minor  phases  of  the  work  no  two  societies 
are  alike.  i)ut  the  general  outlines  are  preserved,  and  to  the  tabula- 
tion of  such  statistics  a  larger  number  of  societies  have  contributed 


29 

than  to  any  other  department  of  this  report.  There  are  forty-four  of 
them  whose  reports  have  been  received,  and  these  embrace  the  treat- 
ment given  to  the  huge  number  of  nearly  75,000  cases.  With  the 
exception  of  a  few  cities,  this  number  embraces  only  new  and  not 
recurrent  applications,  and  hence  represents  the  fresh  expansion  of 
the  work  in  the  year  1892.  Of  this  total,  4.76  per  cent,  were  ad- 
judged to  require  continuous  relief  because  of  orphanage,  age,  or 
chronic  disability;  24.84  per  cent,  needed  the  temporary  aid  which 
combats  an  emergency,  as  of  sickness  or  injury  or  the  cessation  of 
wages;  employment  would  have  released  16.05  P^^  cent,  from  the 
necessity  of  asking  any  alms,  were  they  disposed  to  labor  honestly 
to  get  their  own  living;  3.39  per  cent,  had  means  of  their  own  or 
relatives  able  to  provide  for  them;  10.33  P^^"  cent,  were  of  such 
profligate  habits  that  any  merchandisable  relief  would  have  pro- 
longed their  dissolute  self-indulgence;  1.58  per  cent,  were  placed  in 
institutions;  7.72  per  cent,  were  put  in  charge  of  religious  organiza- 
tions or  of  voluntary  charitable  societies;  for  only  0.76  per  cent. 
was  the  interference  of  the  police  authorities  invoked ;  for  but  0.89 
per  cent,  was  recourse  had  to  municipal  relief  officers,  to  supplement 
the  care  of  private  charity;  for  11. 13  per  cent,  churches,  syna- 
gogues, and  humane  societies  wrought  in  co-operation  with  our  soci- 
eties; for  6.6  percent,  individual  citizens  supplied  all  or  a  part  of 
the  aid  required ;  0.8  per  cent,  were  enabled  by  loans  to  establish 
themselves  in  some  form  of  industry;  for  18,04  per  cent,  was  em- 
ployment obtained;  0.65  per  cent,  were  removed  to  new  situations 
or  the  care  of  kindred.  The  efforts  of  sixteen  societies  are  esti- 
mated to  have  brought  to  self-maintenance  1,524  cases,  or  2.04  per 
cent. ;  but  this  item  is  far  below  the  facts,  inasmuch  as  many  of  the 
larger  societies  have,  for  various  reasons,  discontinued  computing 
and  recordmg  these  recoveries  to  independence.  Owing  to  the 
different  methods  of  keeping  their  records,  and  of  making  the  re- 
turns compiled  in  the  reports  of  the  various  societies,  exact  deduc- 
tions cannot  be  made,  and  the  same  cases  must  appear  in  two  or 
more  classes.  In  some  returns  only  new  applicants  are  recorded. 
In  others,  as  in  Brooklyn  and  Philadelphia,  recurrent  cases  are  in- 
cluded. But  recurrent  cases  also  form  part  of  the  year's  work.  It 
is  probable,  therefore,  that  a  tide  of  over  100,000  families  and  indi- 
viduals flowed  through  the  conduits  of  the  Charity  Organization 
Societies.      If   they  are  grouped   in  large  generalizations,  those  who 


3° 

need  employment  being  placed,  as  for  the  most  part  shirkers  of 
labor,  with  the  vicious  and  those  having  resources  sufficient  to  make 
beggary  unjustifiable,  and  those  receiving  loans  counted  with  those 
assisted  to  labor,  it  may  be  affirmed  as  approximately  true  that 
three-tenths  of  this  vast  array  of  alms-seekers  really  need  material 
succor,  and  an  equal  number  do  not  need  it  at  all;  of  the  charge  of 
one-tenth  our  societies  have  been  wholly  relieved  by  placing  them  in 
other  care,  which  has  been  freely  and  cordially  supplied ;  for  nearly 
one-fifth  the  co-operation  of  other  societies  and  of  individuals  and 
municipal  officers  has  been  obtained;  and  for  one-fifth  relief  by  em- 
ployment was  found  adequate.  It  is  probable  that  these  ratios 
fairly  represent  the  experience  thus  far  of  those  engaged  in  Charity 
Organization  work  and  methods. 

Provident  Schemes.  (See  Appendix  H. )  —  Graduation  from  de- 
pendence to  self-maintenance  is  an  expression  which,  if  it  did  not 
origirtate  among  the  Charity  Organizationists  of  Boston,  is  at  least 
familiar  to  all  engaged  in  this  work  throughout  the  United  States. 
It  describes  the  aim  of  the  reforms  of  relief  systems,  and  the  degree 
of  achievement  in  it  is  the  supreme  test  of  our  principles.  If  there 
is  to  be  no  elevation  of  our  wards  into  self-support,  then  .Charity  Or- 
ganization Societies  only  add  to  the  alms-doling  of  which  the  conse- 
quences have  been  so  pernicious  to  society.  Whatever  may  edu- 
cate the  downcast  to  the  standards,  habits,  and  sentiments  essential 
to  self-maintenance,  and  free  them  from  the  need  of  the  intervention 
of  others,  commands  the  hearty  advocacy  and  re-enforcement  of  our 
societies.  Far  beyond  the  provident  schemes  which  they  control 
has  been  the  influence  they  have  exerted  in  inducing  others  to  pro- 
mote and  support  enterprises  for  the  propagation  of  thrift,  frugality, 
skill  in  the  common  affairs  of  life,  and  an  honorable  self-respect. 
Thus  in  cities  where  Charity  Organization  Societies  have  been 
planted  and  acquired  their  characteristic  influence  there  has  been  a 
very  conspicuous  contemporaneous  growth  in  the  number  and  vari- 
ety of  provident  enterprises.  And  our  societies  claim  that  this  is 
not  a  mere  chance,  but  the  direct  result  of  their  teachings,  and  2:en- 
erally  the  result  of  the  personal  labors  of  their  own  members.  For 
example,  the  kindergarten  system  of  the  public  schools  of  Philadel- 
phia began  with  an  association  formed  among  the  ladies  of  the  Char- 
ity Organization  Society,  and  they  ceased  not  to  labor  until  their 
work  was  taken  up  by  the  Board  of  Education   during  the  superin- 


31 

tendency  of  Dr.  McAllister ;  and  the  present  grand  development  of 
industrial  education  and  manual  training  in  that  city  was  inaug- 
urated and  nursed  by  the  same  society.  The  Associated  Charities 
of  Boston  directly  controls  few  provident  schemes;  but  persons  ac- 
tive in  the  direction  of  that  association  have  promoted  co-operative 
savings-banks  and  building  associations  and  seen  the  day  nurseries 
double  in  ten  years,  kindergartens  become  a  part  of  the  public  school 
system,  and  industrial  schools  double.  In  Brooklyn  the  founder  of 
the  Pratt  Institute  was  an  earlier  counsellor  and  advocate  of  the 
Bureau  of  Charities.  In  New  York  day  nurseries  have  multiplied 
eightfold,  kindergartens  nearly  as  rapidly,  boys'  clubs,  working-girls' 
associations,  and  manual  training  schools  have  been  opened,  and 
savings  funds  have  been  started.  Remarkable  expansion  of  like 
agencies  is  reported  from  Cincinnati,  Detroit,  and  other  important 
cities.  Buffalo  took  the  lead  in  establishing  creches,  or  nurseries 
where  mothers  could  leave  their  infants  to  be  cared  for  whil0  they 
went  to  their  day's  work  ;  and  now  there  are  twenty-two  cities  in 
which  one  hundred  and  five  such  institutions  have  been  established 
at  the  instigation  or  under  the  control  of  Organization  Societies. 
As  many  cities  maintain  over  one  hundred  and  forty-eight  kinder- 
gartens. Laundries,  work-rooms,  cooking,  sewing,  and  other  indus- 
trial schools  have  in  like  manner  been  called  into  existence. 

Sa'i'ings  Funds. — In  seventeen  cities  Charity  Organization  Societies 
control  penny  savings  funds.  These  are  of  four  sorts  :  simple  Provi- 
dent Societies,  taking  small  deposits  at  the  counter  ;  Stamp  Banks, 
where  deposit  stamps  are  sold  at  stations  in  different  parts  of  the 
city, —  Boston  having  one  hundred  and  twenty-three,  and  New  York 
two  hundred  and  six  stations  ;  and  Funds  to  receive  small  deposits 
gathered  by  visitors,  who  call  at  houses  for  them,  as  in  Newport, 
R.I.,  and  Castleton,  S.I., —  an  ingenious  system,  which  combines 
with  great  effectiveness  the  work  of  the  Friendly  Visitor  with  the  en- 
couragement of  savings  ;  and  Fuel  Funds,  by  means  of  which  the  de- 
posits of  the  summer  secure  deliveries  of  wood  and  coal  in  the  winter 
at  cost  price.  Eighteen  such  provident  fund  organizations  were 
known  to  exist  in  1892  under  the  auspices  of  our  societies,  gathering 
in  the  savings  of  33,826  depositors.  The  habits  of  self-restraint  and 
thrift  thus  inculcated  among  the  very  poor  are  invaluable,  and  among 
the  best  of  defences  against  the  spread  of  pauperism  among  the  de- 
positors.    (See  Appendix  H.) 


32 

Distribution  by  States. —  Of   the   Charity    Organization    Societies, 
and  those  in  correspondence  with  them  with  adjustments  to  their 
principles,  existing  in   1892,  there  are  sixteen  in  the   State   of  New 
York,  fourteen  in  Massachusetts,  eight  in  New  Jersey,  five  in  Ohio, 
four  in  Connecticut,   three  each   in  Maine,   Rhode  Island,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Colorado,  Indiana,   Wisconsin,   California,  two  each  in   Iowa, 
Michigan,   Illinois,   Kentucky,   Nebraska,   Minnesota,  Missouri,   and 
one  each  in  South  Carolina,  Tennessee,  Louisiana,  Oregon,  Delaware, 
and  Washington  State.     In  other  words,  the  movement  has  estab- 
lished   itself  in   twenty-nine  cities   of    the    Middle    Atlantic    States 
north     of    the     Potomac,     in     twenty-four     cities     of     New     Eng- 
land,   in    eleven    cities    of    States    north    of    the    Ohio,    in    eleven 
cities    between    the    Mississippi    and    the    Rocky    Mountains,    in 
seven    cities    in    the    old    South,    and  in    five  cities  of   the    Pacific 
States.     There  are  eighteen  States  in  which  it  has  not  penetrated. 
It  ha^had  its  most  rapid  extension  in  the  cities  of  the   North  At- 
lantic   seaboard   and    of   the  Pacific  Coast.     In  agricultural  States 
the  development  has  been  slow :  for  evident  reasons  its  expansion 
has  an   afifinity  with  commerce.     Also,  it  may  be  observed  that  the 
movement  has  thus  far  had  but  little  development  in  towns  predomi- 
nantly manufacturing  or  interested  in  mining,  and  hence  the  inter- 
esting question  arises  as  to  how  far  trades-unions,  labor  federations, 
and  the  mutual  benefit  societies,  so  common  and  so  influential  among 
artisans  and  mechanics,  render  the  services  of  Charity  Organization 
superfluous. 

Special  Lines  of  Development.     Attitude   toward  Relief. As 

each  community  has  its  distinctive  characteristics,  so  each  Charity 
Organization  Society  inevitably  adjusts  itself  to  them,  and  diversities 
of  practice  and  development  spring  up.  These  variations  are  desir- 
able as  enlarging  the  number  of  experiments  tried  and  as  throwing 
side-lights  upon  special  problems.  In  one  particular  there  is  a  grow- 
ing unison  of  judgment.  In  the  returns  of  the  sixty  societies  contribut- 
ing to  this  report  there  is  no  advocacy  or  defence  of  relief-giving  from 
their  own  treasuries.  On  the  contrary,  those  societies  which  practise 
it  either  deprecate  or  excuse  it.  In  some  instances,  it  is  justified 
as  a  necessity  growing  out  of  the  lack  of  other  charitable  agencies  ; 
in  others,  as  a  means  of  forcing  on  a  retrenchment  of  municipal  out- 
relief,  especially  where  overseers  of  the  poor  refuse  information  and 
co-operation  ;  \\\  still   others,  it  is  explained  as  grounded  in  the  fact 


33 

that  the  community  does  not  understand  or  kindly  receive  our  princi- 
ples, and  will  not  sustain  a  society  that  is  purely  administrative. 
Again,  it  is  apologized  for  ao  the  effectual  means  of  bringing  all  the 
benevolent  work  of  a  community  into  one  system  and  control.  In 
several  cities  the  societies  affirm  that  they  are  receding  from  the 
distribution  of  alms,  and  desire  to  abandon  it.  All  this  testimony  is 
a  distinct  indication  of  the  advance  of  our  principles,  and  of  an  in- 
telligent perception  of  the  function  of  Charity  Organization.  The 
matter  is  of  prime  importance,  for  upon  this  rock  of  almsgiving  many 
a  society  has  been  wrecked.  It  was  nine  years  from  the  formation 
of  the  London  Society  to  the  foundation  of  the  first  Charity 
Organization  Society  in  this  country.  Its  literature  and  arguments 
were  republished  here,  nor  was  a  knowledge  of  Chalmers's  work  in 
(Glasgow  and  of  the  reform  movements  in  Hamburg,  Leipzig  and 
Klberfeld  unknown.  Associations  for  Improving  the  Condition  of 
the  Poor  were  formed  under  this  and  other  names  in  several  Ameri- 
can cities,  and  they  avowed  principles  which  Charity  Organization 
could  only  reiterate  ;  but  they  lapsed  into  mere  dispensers  of  physi- 
cal aid.  In  the  history  of  the  movement  derived  from  London  there 
are  wrecks  along  the  way.  Some  of  our  societies  have  withdrawn 
from  the  field,  and  others  have  degenerated  from  like  causes.  There 
is  in  benevolent  work  a  constant  tendency  to  degenerate  into  mere 
almsgiving, —  a  fact  easily  explained,  for  relief  of  this  sort  is  easily 
accomplished,  the  statistics  of  results  are  more  imposing,  and  the 
value  of  moral,  educational,  and  personal  forces  in  mitigating  social 
evils  the  public  mind  has  not  learned  to  estimate  aright.  • 

The  existence  in  a  city  of  an  association  professedly  devoted  to 
the  welfare  of  the  poor,  but  which  expressly  announces  that  it 
gathers  no  funds  for  supplying  material  relief,  is  a  phenomenon  cer- 
tain to  attract  attention.  Men  will  ask:  "What  does  it  do?  What 
are  the  reasons  of  its  being  ?  "  In  this  way  it  begins  to  exert  an 
influence  on  the  administration  of  other  funds  and  other  societies 
and  upon  individuals.  From  dispassionate  and  careful  observers  it 
is  learned  that  in  many  cities  official  outdoor  relief,  where  not  abol- 
ished, has  become  more  discriminating,  that  the  management  of 
voluntary  charities  has  become  more  circumspect  and  elevating,  and 
that  personal  almsgiving  has  been  accompanied  with  a  clearer  sense 
of  responsibility.  In  two  conspicuous  instances- — Lawrence,  Mass., 
and  Cleveland,  Ohio, —  there  was  a  fairly  complete  readjustment  on 


34 

the  part  of  the  leading  general  relief  societies  of  each  city  to  Charity 
Organization  principles. 

Adaptations. —  In  adapting  themselves  to  the  conditions  existing 
in  different  communities,  our  societies  have  found  a  law  of  develop- 
ment which  gives  to  each  especial  characteristics.  Thus  the  co-opera- 
tion of  the  police  in  Buffalo  was  the  beginning  there  of  the  registra- 
tion system,  and  gave  the  society  a  close  relation  to  municipal  relief; 
while  the  munificent  Fitch  trusts  gave  a  vigorous  impulse  to  the 
elaboration  of  provident  and  hospital  schemes.  Bridgeport,  Conn., 
has  directed  its  efforts  especially  toward  women  and  children,  pro- 
viding instruction  in  sewing,  kitchen-garden  work,  day  nurseries,  and 
a  labor  bureau.  Lynn  engages  in  all-around  work,  its  one  woman 
registrar  doing  the  duty  of  a  society  for  the  prevention  of  cruelty  to 
children  and  of  a  children's  aid  society.  Boston,  besides  its  own  con- 
ferences on  treatment  of  cases,  has  maintained  a  conference  of  repre- 
sentative delegates  from  the  charitable  societies  and  institutions  of  the 
city,  where  problems  of  general  humane  interest  are  discussed  and 
modes  of  alleviating  various  forms  of  suffering  are  formulated.  Phil- 
adelphia, after  experimenting  with  many  educational,  labor,  and 
provident  schemes,  made  dealing  with  the  homeless  and  wayfaring 
the  characteristic  work  of  its  central  office,  in  which  Bryn  Mawr, 
a  place  exposed  to  the  tramp  nuisance,  followed.  Indianapolis 
established  a  Loan  Association,  a  Friendly  Inn,  and  a  Board  of  Chil- 
dren's Guardians  which  commanded  especial  interest.  Salem,  Mass., 
found  gratification  in  supplying  baby-carriages  to  poor  families. 
Several  of  our  principal  societies  emphasize  registration  and  investi- 
gation, and  have  brought  their  bureaus  to  a  highly  orderly  system  and 
a  prompt  effectiveness.  One  large  society  (Philadelphia)  claims  that 
relief  has  become  much  more  prompt  of  application, —  a  claim  in 
direct  contravention  to  the  popular  belief  that  investigation  retards 
assistance.  The  favorite  and  more  general  relief  expedient  is  found 
in  employment  offices  and  labor  tests,  and  the  most  widely  and 
deeply  felt  hindrance  to  effective  work  is  reported  to  be  the  insuffi- 
ciency of  trained  and  persistent  Friendly  Visitors. 

Friendly  Visiting. —  An  ideal  which  most  of  the  strongly  organized 
societies  have  sought  to  attain,  with  varying  degrees  of  success,  has 
been  that  of  inducing  men  and  women  having  strength  of  character 
to  go  to  the  homes  of  the  needy,  each  taking  the  chief  responsibility 
for  the  proper  development,  material  and  moral,  of  a  few  families. 


JD 


The  societies  in  Boston,  Brooklyn,  Baltimore,  and  Cincinnati,  have 
been  most  successful  in  carrying  out  this  plan,  and  commend  its  use- 
fulness with  enthusiasm.  Other  societies,  however,  report  that  their 
etfort  to  find  visitors  of  sufficient  judgment  and  experience  to  under- 
take the  delicate  and  responsible  work  of  properly  helping  a  family 
has  had  meagre  results. 

Causes  for  this  lack  of  success  may  be  found,  first,  in  the  great 
burden  entailed  by  proper  registration  and  by  examination  of  con- 
ditions in  our  largest  cities,  which  leave  comparatively  little  free 
energy  for  securing  and  training  visitors.  A  second  cause  is  found 
in  the  great  pressure  of  life  upon  well-to-do  people  in  large  cities, 
leaving  little  time  for  personal  service  in  the  distant  homes  of  the 
poor.  A  third  lies  in  the  comparative  ignorance  on  the  part  of  cul- 
tivated people  of  "how  the  other  half  lives."  This  ignorance,  of 
course,  disqualifies.  Not  until  the  churches  awake  with  enthusiasm 
to  caring  for  our  less  fortunate  neighbors  in  the  wise  and  helpful 
good  Samaritan  spirit  will  there  be  sufficient  attention  brought  to 
bear  upon  the  mass  of  poverty  to  have  appreciable  effect.  The 
forces  at  command  are  too  limited.  It  may  be  said,  however,  that 
where  the  Charity  Organization  Society  has  taken  hold  of  the  work 
of  friendly  visiting  in  earnest,  as  in  Boston,  the  experience  of  the 
visitors  has  had  its  effect  in  developing  higher  standards  of  duty  in 
church  life. 

Emergencies. —  A  peculiar  and  severe  test  of  Charity  Organizatioa 
Societies  has  come  in  the  demands  made  by  special  emergencies.. 
The  Chicago  Relief  and  Aid  Society  reached  a  position  of  command- 
ing influence,  and  was  led  to  the  adoption  of  many  of  these  prin- 
ciples by  acting  as  the  distributor  of  the  large  funds  contributed  for 
the  aid  of  sufferers  by  the  great  fire  of  1872.  All  agencies  familiar 
with  the  poor  and  with  relief  came  into  immediate  co-operation.  Un- 
der this  system  the  work  was  rapidly  carried  on,  and  the  Relief  and 
Aid  Society  established  relations  so  friendly  and  intimate  with  other 
charitable  organizations  that  it  has  been  able  ever  since  to  maintain 
a  commanding  position  in  the  confidence  of  the  people  of  that  city. 

Boston  was  moved  to  the  steps  which  resulted  in  her  Associated 
Charities  by  the  suffering  consequent  upon  its  great  fire  of  1872,  and 
on  the  commercial  crisis  which  began  in  1873  and  brooded  over  the 
land  for  two  or  three  years.  The  Maiden  (Mass.)  society  was  formed 
to  alleviate  the  distress  caused  by  a  great  fire  in  1875. 


36 

When  the  disastrous  flood  of  February,  1884,  prevailed  at  Cincin- 
nati, by  which  five  hundred  and  four  families  were  driven  from  their 
homes  and  otherwise  involved  in  such  distress  as  compelled  them  to 
appeal  for  help,  recourse  was  had  at  once  to  the  services  of  the  As- 
sociated Charities.  The  official  report  states  that  that  society  "  en- 
tered most  heartily  into  the  work,  and  through  their  thoroughly 
organized  district  societies  distributed  large  quantities  of  supplies 
throughout  the  flooded  sections  of  the  city  with  great  discretion  and 
without  waste."  The  authorities  publicly  acknowledged  the  debt  of 
gratitude  owing  to  the  members  of  the  Associated  Charities  "  who  so 
zealously  devoted  their  time  and  thoughtful  labor  to  the  assistance 
of  the  committee  in  its  charitable  work."  The  labor  undertaken  by 
the  Associated  Charities  may  be  estimated  from  the  fact  that  $194,- 
400  was  contributed  to  relieve  the  misery  caused  by  the  flood,  of 
which  $91,400  was  locally  distributed;  and  upon  that  society  de- 
pended largely  the  discreet  distribution  of  relief,  and  the  protection 
of  the  funds  from  the  assaults  of  imposture. 

At  the  time  of  the  terrible  Johnstown  flood  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia Committee  to  gather  aid  for  the  sufferers  sent  the  secretary  of 
the  Associated  Charities  of  Washington  thither  as  their  agent.  His 
experience  was  of  immediate  value  in  not  only  bringing  the  relief 
work  into  order,  but  in  providing  methods  by  which  sturdy  and  clam- 
orous petitioners  for  help  were  repressed,  women,  aged  and  feeble 
persons  obtained  due  and  equal  consideration,  and  the  early  miscar- 
riages of  relief  were  effectively  corrected.  The  agent  found  occasion 
to  lament  that  Johnstown  did  not  afford  that  information  concerning 
its  poor  inhabitants  and  that  supply  of  competent  workers  which 
Charity  Organization  acquires  where  it  has  been  established. 

In  1889  a  disastrous  fire  swept  over  an  area  of  twenty-five  acres 
in  I.ynn,  rendering  one  hundred  and  seventy-five  families  homeless, 
and  putting  seven  thousand  persons  out  of  employment.  The  in- 
formation accumulated  by  the  Associated  Charities,  covering  many 
families,  was  instantly  available.  The  skill  of  its  visitors,  agents, 
and  managers,  came  into  immediate  requisition  for  the  preparation 
of  record  blanks  and  the  systematizing  of  the  distribution  of  food, 
clothing,  and  shelter.  A  delegation  of  experienced  visitors  came 
from  the  society  in  Boston,  and  during  the  six  days  in  which  a  more 
general  relief  committee  was  taking  form  and  acquiring  funds  and 
stores  the  Associated  Charities  was  giving  order  and  shaping  meth- 


37 

ods  which  alleviated  immediate  distress  and  facilitated  subsequent 
operations.  Then  the  registration,  personal  knowledge,  and  expe- 
rience due  to  Charity  Organization  proved  to  l)e  invaluable  foi 
promptness  and  efficacy. 

The  tornado  of  Louisville  in  May,  1890,  by  which  seventy-six  lives 
were  lost  and  two  hundred  persons  were  injured,  created  great  suf- 
fering. The  ?)Oard  of  Trade  Relief  Committee  expended  $156,000 
in  alleviating  it,  and  employed  the  visitors  and  agents  of  the  Charity 
Organization  Society  as  its  investigators  and  almoners.  Their 
knowledge  and  expertness  were  indispensable.  When  in  the  same 
year  Lawrence  (Mass.)  was  swept  by  a  cyclone  by  which  eight 
persons  were  killed,  twenty-one  severely  injured,  and  many  buildings 
were  damaged  or  destro3'ed,  the  city  authorities  called  upon  our 
local  society  to  plan,  organize  and  administer  the  needed  relief.  In 
the  Park  Place  disaster  in  Xew  \'ork,  May,  1891,  when  sixty- 
three  persons  were  killed  or  injured,  those  in  charge  of  the 
Mayor's  Relief  Fund  mvoked  the  aid  of  the  Charity  Organization 
Society,  and  within  a  week  the  particulars  of  each  case  were  col- 
lected, and  recommendations  made  which  were  followed  in  the  dis- 
tribution of  the  fund  contributed  for  the  sufferers.  By  the  same 
means  the  $7,000  collected  by  the  New  York  Herald  for  the  same 
disaster  were  disbursed.  Acknowledgment  was  made  by  the 
Mayor's  Committee  in  these  terms  :  •'  We  realize  that  only  experi- 
enced and  skilful  agents  could  make  so  satisfactory  reports  within 
so  short  a  time,  and  congratulate  the  city  that  it  has  a  society 
which  can  render  such  efficient  aid  in  times  of  sudden  emergency." 
This  capacity  to  act  in  emergencies  cannot  seem  strange  to  those 
who  consider  the  readiness  for  prompt  work  secured  by  a  registra- 
tion bureau,  by  a  large  staff  of  trained  agents  and  visitors  familiar 
with  the  aspects  of  want,  and  by  a  co-operative  scheme  which  em- 
braces the  whole  field  of  benevolent  work  among  the  destitute. 

Indirect  Effects  of  Charity  Organization. —  It  is  to  be  ob- 
served that  from  its  first  appearance  in  America  Charity  Organiza- 
tion has  surveyed  the  field  in  which  it  established  itself,  to  discover 
what  was  lacking  there  and  to  devise  better  methods  for  improving 
the  condition  of  the  poor.  Not  solicitous  of  aggrandizement,  it  has 
been  content  to  stimulate  the  creation  of  new  educational  and  prov- 
ident measures  under  independent  control,  and  to  which  its  admin- 
istration   might   be    supplementary.       Consequently,   many   agencies 


38 

have  sprung  into  existence  at  its  instigation,  the  work  of  which  can- 
not be  recorded  as  part  of  its  annals.  The  influence  of  Charity 
Organization  on  municipal  rehef,  on  the  inception  and  management 
of  other  charities,  and  on  pubUc  sentiment,  has  been  aheady  suffi- 
ciently indicated.  It  should,  however,  be  added  that  in  Philadel- 
phia the  Children's  Aid  Society  had  its  initial  impulse  among  the 
active  workers  of  the  Charity  Organization  Society.  In  Indianapolis 
the  society  crushed  out  the  Vincennes  Lottery  and  waged  war  with 
the  wine-rooms.  The  Denver  society  procured  the  creation  of  a 
State  Board  of  Charities. 

Legislation. —  Not  the  least  of  the  labors  undertaken  in  this  move- 
ment are  the  efforts  to  amend  legislation.  In  Massachusetts  the 
reparation  of  the  pauper  from  the  criminal  class  in  public  institu- 
tions has  been  accompUshed.  There  and  in  New  York  strenuous 
efforts  have  proceeded  from  our  societies  to  restrict  the  sale  of 
alcoholic  liquors  ;  the  poor-relief  laws  have  been  amended.  In  the 
same  States  the  statutes  have  defined  tenement-houses  so  as  to 
bring  a  larger  number  under  official  inspection,  new  requirements 
have  been  imposed  by  sanitary  laws,  and  in  Boston  an  alliance  has 
been  made  with  the  Technological  Institute  to  examine  and  secure 
complaints  and  reports  on  the  violation  of  sanitary  principles.  In 
New  York  a  law  has  been  secured  authorizing  the  city  to  open  mu- 
nicipal lodging-houses,  to  relieve  the  station  houses  of  wayfarers  and 
secure  their  cleanliness,  but  the  provisions  of  the  statute  are  still 
held  in  abeyance.  Another  was  enacted  providing  for  small  parks 
and  open  spaces  for  play-grounds  by  the  demolition  of  some  of  the 
worst  squares  of  tenements  in  the  overcrowded  sections  of  the  city; 
and  immigration  has  been  made  a  subject  of  careful  investigation, 
and  recommendations  prepared  for  submission  to  Congress.  When 
the  fear  of  the  spread  of  cholera  in  the  summer  of  1892  created  the 
necessity  for  rigorous  sanitary  precautions  in  this  country,  the  Char- 
ity Organization  Society  of  Buffalo,  through  its  Committee  on  Sani- 
tary Condition  of  the  Homes  of  the  Poor,  offered  the  services  of  its 
agents  to  the  Health  Commissioner  as  Sanitary  Inspectors  of  tene- 
ment-houses. He  gladly  accepted  these  services.  These  agents 
made  a  thorough  inspection  of  some  five  hundred  tenements  in  the 
city  of  Buffalo,  and  obtained  and  collated  a  large  amount  not  onl}- 
of  sanitary,  but  of  sociological  information  as  well.  The  result 
proved,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Committee  on  the  Sanitary  Con- 


39 

dition  of  the  Homes  of  the  Poor,  that  gross  abuses  existed  in  the 
tenements  of  the  city,  which  were  due,  on  the  one  hand,  to  the  lax 
building-laws  of  the  city  and  the  absence  of  rigorous  regulations  to 
govern  the  owners  of  tenement-houses,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  to 
the  tenants  themselves.  As  a  result,  the  committee  began  an  agi- 
tation for  the  adoption  of  a  complete  set  of  ordinances  governing 
the  construction  and  management  of  tenement-houses.  Into  this 
movement  it  drew  the  Ikiffalo  Guilders'  Exchange  and  the  IJuffalo 
Chapter  of  the  American  Society  of  Architects.  A  number  of  meet- 
ings were  held  jointly  of  the  Health  Commissioner,  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Ikiildings,  a  medical  and  legal  member  of  the  Committee 
on  Sanitary  Condition  of  the  Homes  of  the  Poor,  a  representative  of 
the  Builders'  Exchange,  and  a  representative  of  the  Society  of 
Architects,  which  resulted  in  the  presentation  to  the  Common  Coun- 
cil of  the  city,  by  the  Health  Commissioner,  of  probably  one  of  the 
most  complete  codes  of  ordinances  governing  the  subject  that  has 
ever  been  framed.  A  great  deal  of  pressure,  stimulated  by  the  com- 
mittee and  exerted  on  the  Common  Council,  finally  secured  the 
adoption  of  these  ordinances.  In  several  societies  there  is  a  depart- 
ment of  legal  advice,  in  which  professional  service  is  rendered  gra- 
tuitously to  prevent  injustice  or  secure  the  poor  in  their  rights. 

Education. —  It  is  gratifying  to  note  that  since  Charity  Organiza- 
tion Societies  began  to  be  formed  for  the  study  of  social  problems, 
and  to  accumulate  information  and  statistics  concerning  them,  sem- 
inaries or  departments  for  the  investigation  of  like  sociological  ques- 
tions have  been  established  at  Harvard,  Yale,  Johns  Hopkins,  Cor- 
nell, Pennsylvania,  Vanderbilt,  Leland  Stanford,  and  Chicago 
Universities,  at  the  State  Universities  of  Ohio,  Michigan,  and  Ne- 
braska, at  Amherst  and  Bryn  Mawr  Colleges,  and  in  connection 
with  some  of  these  institutions  occasional  or  serial  papers  are  pub- 
lished from  time  to  time.  This  subject  was  brought  up  at  the 
Omaha  Conference  of  Charities  and  Correction  in  1887,  and  the  in- 
troduction of  the  study  of  Charity  Organization  mto  high  schools, 
colleges,  and  universities  recommended.  Representatives  of  our 
societies  have  been  called  upon  to  lecture  on  these  themes  in  several 
colleges  and  theological  seminaries,  especially  in  the  prominent  ones 
in  or  within  easy  reach  of  the  leading  cities,  and  also  before  audi- 
ences assembled  in  churches. 

Literature. —  A  list  of  papers,    essays,   and  books  issued   by  the 


40 


Charity  Organization  Societies  of  America,  and  distributed  by  them, 
is  appended  to  this  report.  (See  Appendix  L.)  The  literature  con- 
cerning the  social  problems  of  poverty  is  very  large,  and  could  not  be 
enumerated  here  if  it  were  pertinent  to  a  report  so  specialized  in  the 
history  of  a  single  movement  as  this.  Attention  should  be  called 
here  to  the  Monthly  Register,  which  began  with  the  first  year  of  the 
Philadelphia  Society,  and  has  been  continued  ever  since  in  that  city. 
It  has  been  accepted  as  a  sort  of  representative  organ  by  many  sister 
societies,  and  is  the  oldest  periodical  controlled  by  a  Charity  Organi- 
zation Society  in  the  United  States.  Lend  a  Hand  is  a  monthly 
edited  by  Rev.  Dr.  E.  E.  Hale,  published  in  Boston  and  devoted  to 
philanthropic  work.  The  Charities  Review  was  begun  in  November, 
1 89 1,  by  the  New  York  society,  and  aims  at  a  thorough  and  scien- 
tific treatment  of  charitable  principles,  methods,  and  administration. 
Cincinnati  produces  the  Children's  Home  Monthly. 

This  report  has  abstained  from  reflections  and  recommendations 
almost  wholly.  Its  scope  was  restricted  in  the  original  instructions 
of  this  Conference  to  the  History  of  Charity  Organization  in  the 
United  States.  Already  it  has  grown  voluminous,  but  it  is  simply 
retrospective.  Had  it  been  possible  to  obtain  returns  from  all  the 
Charity  Organization  Societies  of  the  country  as  ample  and  pains- 
taking as  those  from  Boston,  the  results  would  have  a  greatly  in- 
creased value.  Such  material  as  could  be  obtained  has  been  collated 
here,  and  perhaps  the  student  of  philanthropy  will  find  in  its  text 
and  tables  matter  not  unworthy  of  reflection.  It  may  yet,  with 
all  its  imperfections,  prove  to  be  the  basis  of  future  comparative 
study.  The  results  which  it  is  enabled  to  present,  and  which  are 
below  rather  than  above  the  actual  facts,  show  that  Charity  Organi- 
zation has  taken  firm  root  in  America,  that  its  expansion  has  been 
very  rapid,  that  it  is  purifying  itself  and  rising  to  higher  standards, 
that  its  educational  force  is  potent,  and  that  it  is  a  harbinger  of  the 
day  when  the  charities  of  men  shall  add  to  the  benefactions  of  the 
purse  those  of  their  brains,  their  hearts,  and  their  faith. 

Necrology. 

Only  the  sad  task  remains  of  inscribing  on  these  pages  the  names 
of  those  who  once  wrought  with  us,  imparted  to  us  their  hope,  their 
tenderness,  and  their  wisdom,  and  who  have  gone  to  repose  on  that 


41 

cxhaustless  divine  charity  which  their  loving  spirits  bravely  tried, 
as  the  power  was  given  them,  to  emulate.  Some  few  of  the  many 
whose  memory  and  example  remain  as  benedictions  to  their  associ- 
ates must  have  a  tribute  here  to  meet  the  demands  of  our  hearts. 
They  were  our  pioneers  and  well  known  in  our  councils.  An 
appended  paper  supplies  the  names  of  those  reported  to  your  com- 
mittee at  this  time.  (See  Appendix  M.)  It  is  much  regretted  that 
the  list  is  so  imperfect. 

Hodge. —  With  happy  sagacity  the  Philadelphia  Society  called  H. 
Lenox  Hodge,  M.D.,  to  be  its  first  president.  Of  honored  lineage, 
of  high  professional  eminence,  of  winning  sweetness  of  disposition, 
he  uttered  judgments  so  wise  and  conciliatory  that  the  divergent 
opinions  of  his  associates  melted  into  unison  before  them.  His  great 
influence  was  a  tower  of  strength  to  the  nascent  society,  and  his  name 
entrenched  it  in  public  confidence.  He  embodied  that  "sweetness 
and  light"  which  Matthew  Arnold  thought  to  give  the  soul  its 
noblest  excellence.  He  died  in  the  strength  of  his  manhood  and 
while  president  of  the  society. 

McCitlloch. —  Rev.  Oscar  C.  McCuUoch  was  a  magician  of  phi- 
lanthropy. His  was  a  scholar's  diligence  and  enthusiasm  in  the 
study  of  the  alleviation  of  human  misery.  No  man  was  more  dex- 
terous in  detecting  the  dictates  of  true  charity  and  following  them 
through  the  complexities  and  discords  of  social  benevolence,  for  in 
his  heart  was  the  divine  instinct  which  "beareth  all  things,  believeth 
all  things,  hopeth  all  things."  The  Charity  Organization  Society  of 
Indianapolis,  founded  under  his  leadership,  is  his  monument ;  and 
to  future  generations  may  it  long  transmit  his  honored  fame. 

Vandcrpoel: —  During  the  first  three  years  of  its  history  the  Charity 
Organization  Society  of  New  York  enjoyed  the  leadership  of  Dr. 
S.  O.  Vanderpoel,  when  failing  health  compelled  him  to  relinquish 
his  presidency,  and  soon  after  (March  12,  1886)  he  died.  His 
mature  judgment,  varied  experience,  conscientious  diligence,  and 
unvarying  courtesy  were  invaluable  to  the  society. 

Johnston. —  In  September  of  the  year  1886  Colles  Johnston  died, 
an  earnest  and  faithful  worker  upon  a  district  committee,  and  much 
in  direct  contact  with  the  poor.  Mr.  Johnston  brought  to  the  service 
of  the  society  an  unusual  degree  of  intelligent  devotion,  of  wise  dis- 
crimination, of  fidelity  to  his  assumed  duties,  and  of  strength  and 
sweetness  of  character. 


42 

Minturn. —  Robert  B.  Minturn,  vice-president  of  the  New  York 
society  and  one  of  its  original  promoters,  followed  his  colleague  to 
the  grave  in  i8gi.  His  character  secured  public  confidence,  his 
counsels  strengthened  the  society,  his  purse  generously  contributed 
to  its  support. 

DuBois. —  Mrs.  Cornelius  DuBois,  one  of  the  leading  philan- 
thropic spirits  of  this  generation,  died  in  1888,  a  strenuous  friend 
and  upholder  of  the  New  York  society  in  her  official  relations  with 
other  local  institutions. 

Tuckerman. —  Lucius  Tuckerman  was  an  original  active  member 
of  the  council,  of  great  wisdom  and  experience,  and  during  his  life 
a  liberal  supporter  of  the  Society.     He  died  in  1890. 

Gibbons. —  The  New  York  society  endured  bereavement  last  year 
in  the  death  of  Mrs.  Abby  Hopper  Gibbons.  She  was  the  daughter 
of  Isaac  T.  Hopper,  renowned  in  his  day  for  his  anti-slavery  activity. 
Reaching  the  unusual  age  of  ninety-two,  her  last  venerable  years  were 
employed  in  leading  the  societies  she  still  actively  managed  and 
counselled  into  co-operation  in  Charity  Organization.  Weight  of 
years  served  to  ripen  her  undaunted  energy  and  far-seeing  wisdom. 

Preston. —  Vicar-General  Thomas  S.  Preston,  who  died  last  year, 
was  an  earnest  and  useful  friend  of  the  society  in  New  York, 
and  an  efficient  intermediary  in  all  negotiations  with  the  authorities 
and  agencies  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 

Brooks. —  "  By  the  death  of  Phillips  PJrooks  the  Associated  Char- 
ities of  Boston  lost  one  of  its  most  beloved  and  inspiring  friends. 
He  was  on  the  first  committee  appointed  to  report  a  plan  of  organi- 
zation and  co-operation,  and  on  the  provisional  council  until  the 
society  was  organized."  It  is  recorded  that  "his  eloquence  and  his 
great  influence  have  been  repeatedly  exerted  in  the  society's  behalf. 
His  ability  and  still  more  his  personal  character  were  such  that 
whatever  he  touched  gained  from  him  beauty  and  dignity.  His 
eloquent  words  at  the  various  public  meetings  of  the  society  set 
forth  the  scope  of  its  work  and  the  spirit  that  should  pervade  it 
in  a  way  that  exalted  and  ennobled  it  for  all  who  heard   him." 

The  Boston  society  also  laments  the  loss  of  Mrs.  James  Lodge 
and  Miss  Mary  Anne  Wales,  and  a  co-worker  thus  records  the  sense 
of  bereavement :  — 

Wales. —  "  Miss  Wales  was  distinguished  by  her  untiring  devotion 
to  her  work  long  after  disease  had  laid  its  hand  upon    her.     Her 


43 

chief  happiness  and  the  occupation  of  her  life  was  in  spending  her 
money  and  herself  in  deeds  of  benevolence." 

Lodge. —  "  Mrs.  Lodge's  gayety  of  heart,  the  pleasure  she  took  in 
doing  kindnesses,  made  her  a  constant  source  of  cheerfulness  and 
encouragement  to  her  fellow-workers.  To  her  and  to  Mrs.  James  T. 
Fields  the  society  owes  the  first  experiment  in  organized  friendly 
visiting,  which  was  the  beginning  of  its  success." 

J'ratt. —  ("harles  Pratt,  whose  desire  to  elevate  the  depressed  by 
bringing  to  them  skill  and  discipline  in  industrial  arts  led  him  to 
found  the  munificent  Pratt  Institute  of  Brooklyn,  was  one  of  the 
founders  and  liberal  upholders  of  the  Bureau  of  Charities  in  that 
city. 

Biizellc. —  Of  George  B.  Buzelle,  the  general  secretary  of  the 
Brooklyn  society  from  its  inception  until  his  death,  it  was  declared, 
as  his  body  was  laid  to  rest:  "  He  was  one  of  God's  noblemen.  He 
had  caught  the  spirit  of  his  Master's  words:  'Whosoever  will  be 
great  among  you  shall  be  your  minister.  Whosoever  of  you  shall,  be 
chiefest  shall  be  servant  of  all.'  He  was  not  a*  hireling,  he  was  not 
an  official, —  he  was  a  man  and  a  brother.  No  one  could  have 
known  Mr.  Buzelle  without  being  impressed  with  his  faithfulness. 
Nothing  could  stand  between  him  and  his  duty."  The  chairman  of 
this  committee  as  his  nearest  neighbor  in  like  responsibility,  and 
all  who  have  known  him  in  these  Conferences,  and  especially  in  the 
painstaking  and  eminently  successful  labors  of  this  chairmanship 
a  year  ago,  will    testify  that    these  words   cover  no   exaggerations. 

Osborn. —  The  first  person  to  contribute  to  the  Organized  Char- 
ities Association  of  New  Haven,  Mrs.  Walter  Osborn,  continued  its 
generous  friend  until  her  death  last  year.  She  was  a  conspicuous 
supporter  of  all  enterprises  of  the  university  city  designed  to  make 
the  lives  of  the  lowly  and  indigent  ampler  and  better. 

Diinlap. — Mrs.  Harriet  A.  Dunlap.  was  one  of  the  most  devoted, 
intelligent,  and  efiicient  women  of  Syracuse,  and  was  president  of 
several  of  its  largest  and  oldest  charitable  institutions.  A  faithful 
friend,  worker,  and  officer  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor  and  Charities. 
She  died  in  1884. 

Minor. —  In  the  same  city  Rev.  Ovid  Minor,  a  Congregational 
minister,  died  in  1891.  He  was  especially  devoted  to  the  care  and 
rescue  of  children  from  neglect  and  exposure.  A  warm  philanthro- 
pist, he  was  an  indefatigable  worker  for  the  improvement  of  so- 
ciety. 


44 

Judsoii. —  The  Syracuse  Bureau  of  Labor  and  Charities  also  re- 
calls the  cordial  friendship  and  diligence  of  Mrs.  Sarah  Judson,  a 
gentlewoman  of  invincible  energy  and  of  extraordinary  discrimina- 
tion and  skill  in  the  treatment  of  the  class  of  cases  that  come  before 
the  Charity  Organization  workers.  She  rested  from  her  labors  Dec. 
24,  1891. 

Jacobs. —  Denver  mourns  the  loss  in  1892  of  Mrs.  Frances  Jacobs, 
who  so  won  the  confidence  and  esteem  of  that  entire  community 
that  at  her  obsequies  the  city  stood  still  while  Christians,  Catholic, 
and  Protestant  alike  vied  with  her  fellow-Hebrews  in  loving  honors 
to  her  memory ;  and  a  hospital  that  bears  her  name  was  established 
by  popular  contributions,  as  her  monument. 

It  would  be  a  grateful  task  to  linger  over  these  tributes  to  the 
memories  of  departed  colleagues  who  live  still  in  our  esteem,  but 
time  forbids.  These  were,  among  many  others  we  would  name  did 
space  permit,  by  priority  of  labors  or  by  eminence  of  influence,  men 
and  women  of  so  wide  note  that  their  names  could  not  be  passed 
in  silence.  Others  have  wrought  with  no  less  consecration  of  heart, 
no  less  generosity  of  thought  and  hand.  Gratitude  for  the  inspira- 
tion of  their  example,  for  the  quickening  touch  of  their  noble  person- 
ality, follows  them  beyond  the  tomb.  We  love  to  think  of  these 
souls,  so  radiant  here  with  pure  charity,  having  done  their  humane 
work  to  the  least  of  these  His  brethren,  as  having  entered  into  the 
joy  of  their  Lord. 

Charles  D.  Kellogg,  New  York,  Chairman^ 

P.  W.  AvRES,  Cincinnati, 

T.  Guilford  Smith,  Buffalo, 

J.  W.  Walk,  M.D.,  Philadelphia, 

W.   R.  Walpole,  Portland,  Ore., 

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APPENDIX    B. 


Charity  Obganiz.vtiox  SoruETiiis  uk  xuk  U^hkd  States  i>-  1882. 


City. 


Baltimore,    .     ,  . 

Boston,     .    .     .  . 

Brooklyn,      .    .  . 

Buffalo 

Cambridge,      .  . 

Cincinnati,  .     .  . 

Cleveland,    .    .  . 

Detroit 

Indianapolis,    .  . 

Milwaukee,  .    .  . 

Newark,   .    .    .  . 

New  Haven,      .  . 
Newport,  R.I., 

New  York,    .    .  . 

Orange,  N.J. ,    .  . 

Philadelphia,   .  . 

Portland,  Me.,  •  . 
Poughkeepsie, 

Salem,  N.J.,     .  . 

Sjracuse,      .     .  . 

Taunton,  Mass.,  . 
Washington,  D.C. 


Population,  1880. 

Yeak  of 
Fokmation. 

332,213 

1881 

362,535 

1879 

566,663 

1879 

176,607 

1877 

52.669 

1881 

255,139 

1879 

160,146 

1881 

185,001) 

1880 

75,056 

1879 

175,000 

1881 

130,000 

1882 

60,000 

1878 

15,693 

1«79 

1,300,000 

1882 

13,207 

1878 

843,000 

1878 

33,810 

1879 

20,207 

1879 

5,056 

1881 

51,792 

1878 

21,213 

1881 

177,624 

1881 

5,069,330 

Affiliated  Suoieties. 


City. 


Chicago,  .... 
Fitehburg,  Mass., 
Kansas  City,  .  . 
Lawrence,  Mass., 
Maiden,  Mass  ,  . 
Pittsburg,  .  .  . 
Pitt*field,  Mass., 
Plainfleld,  N.J.,  . 
Pueblo,  Col.,  .  . 
St.  Loui.s,  Mo., 
Springfield,  Mass., 


503,185 
12,429 
55,785 
41,000 
12,017 

156,389 

13,364 

81,125 

3,217 

350,518 
33,340 

1,262,369 


Y'E.\K  OF 
Formation. 


1872 
I87r 
1880 
1859 
1875 
1875 
1878 
1878 
1881 
1877 
1876 


APPENDIX   C 


Population,  4,866,550. 

POPt'LATlON,  2,998,950. 

Population,  714,650. 

Not  Relieb"  Givers. 

Relief  Giveks. 

Emekgent  Relief  Givers. 

Albany,  N.Y. 

*Bryn  Mawr,  Pa. 

Auburn,  Me. 

Baltimore. 

Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Bangor,  Me. 

Boston. 

*Kansas  City,  Mo. 

Bridgeport,  Conn. 

Brooklyn,  N.Y. 

♦Lawrence,  Mass. 

Buffalo. 

Burlington,  la. 

•Maiden,  :Mass. 

Davenport,  la. 

Castleton,  S.I,  N 

.Y. 

New  Haven,  Conn. 

Minneapolis. 

Charleston,  S.C. 

Newton,  Mass. 

Newburg,  N.Y. 

Cincinnati. 

Pasadena,  Cal. 

Omaha. 

Detroit. 

Pawtucket.  R.I. 

Pueblo,  Cal. 

Hartford. 

Philadelphia. 

Indianapolis. 

Richmond,  Ind. 

Lincoln,  Neb. 

Salem,  N.J 

Lynn,  Mass. 

Springfield.  Ohio. 

Newark,  N.J. 

Taucton,  Mass. 

New  Brunswick, 

N.J. 

Tivoli,  N.Y. 

Newport,  R.I. 

Trenton,  N.J. 

New  York  City. 

Waterbury,  Conn. 

Orange,  N.J. 

Wilmington,  Del. 

PlainfleUl. 

Worcester,  Mass. 

Portland,  Me. 

Yonkers,  N.  Y. 

Providence,  R.I. 

Rochester,  N.Y. 

Salem,  Mass. 

Seattle,  Wash. 

Syracuse,  N.Y. 

APPENDIX    D. 


The  following  is  a  schedule  of  f|uestions  submitted  to  each  of  the  related  Societies 
upon  the  replies  of  which  this  report  is  based. 

Answers  were  requested  where  practicable  for  the  year  1882  (or  the  first  year  of 
the  organization  of  each),  and  for  1892  for  purposes  of  comparison,  as  the  several 
tables  will  show. 

I.  Preliminary. 

1.  Location  of  your  Society;  2.  Its  legal  name;  3.  Date  of  organization,  date  of 
incorporation;  4.  Local  conditions  which  led  to  the  formation  of  your  Society;  a. 
did  it  spring  up  independently,  or  was  it  initiated  by  older  charitable  organizations  ? 
/).  state  of  legal  administration  of  relief  at  that  time  (1.  outdoor;  2.  indoor) ;  c.  state 
of  voluntary  charity  at  the  time;  .5.  Do  you  distribute  alms  from  your  own  funds'? 
6.  By  what  methods  do  you  disseminate  your  views  and  principles,  in  order  to  gain 
adherents  or  improve  the  practice  of  others?  7.  What  do  you  publish  in  the  way 
of  periodicals  1  give  titles  ;   of  occasional  papers  ?  give  titles. 


II.  Organizatiox. 

1.  Number  of  unpaid  administrative  officers:  a.  men;  b.  women;  2.  Number  of 
paid  officers  and  agents:  a.  men  ;  h.  women  ;  .'?.  Number  of  Friendly  Visitors,  volun- 
tary workers  and  teachers  :  a.  men  ;  /).  women  ;  4.  Number  of  branch  or  district  or- 
g.anizations  controlled  by  your  society;  5.  Conferences,  by  Committees  or  Boards, 
concerning  treatment  of  applicants;  6.  Number  of  your  contributors:  a.  individuals  ; 
b.  associations  or  churches ;  r.  amount  received  from  municipal  authorities ;  7. 
Amount  of  your  income  ;  8.  Amount  of  invested  funds  ;  'J.  Average  number  of  cases 
assigned  to  Friendly  Visitors. 

III.  Lines  of  Work  Developed. 
(State  number  of  instances  or  cases.) 

1.  Repression. —  a.  Treatment  of  vagrants  :  (a)  number  turned  over  to  police,  (h) 
number  lodged  by  your  Society,  (r)  number  employed  in  wood-yard  or  other  liite  test 
places,  (d)  street  beggars  and  impostors  suppressed ;  b.  fraudulent  societies  de- 
tected. 

2.  Co-operation. —  a.  With  municipal  or  State  l)oards:  number  in  your  town,  num- 
ber co-operating;  b.  with  societies  and  institutions  of  relief  (e.g.,  relief  societies,  hos- 
pitals, orphanages,  etc.);  number  in  your  town,  number  co-operating;  c.  with 
churches:  number  in  your  town,  number  co-o))erating;  d.  with  individuals;  popula 
tion  of  town,  number  co-operating;  e.  to  what  e.xtent  (percentage)  have  you  secured 
registration  from  (a)  public  official  relief?  (b)  voluntary  .societies?  (c)  churches? 
(r/)  private  charitable  iu.stitutions  ?  f.  number  of  cases  investigated  for  others. 

.3.  Provident  Schemes  in  your  City. —  a.  Creches,  or  nurseries:  number  of  inmates; 
b.  iviudergartens;  c.  industrial  trainmg,  as  sewing,  cooking,  trade  schools:  (n)  uat- 


Appendix  D. —  (.'unduded. 

ure  of,  (6)  number  of,  (<■)  beneficiaries  of;  d.  savings  funds:  (a)  number  uf  tleposi- 
tors,  (//)  amount  of  deposits;  e.  co-operative  beneficial  societies:  (a)  nature  of,  (b) 

members  of.  ,,,,,.  , 

4.  Sanitdn/  WorL-.—  ;i.  Tenements  improved  through  landlords  or  through 
changed  habits ;  b.  removal  to  better  (luarters ;  c.  open-air  excursions :  number  of 
beneficiaries ;  d.  country  homes  secured  ;  temporary  outing ;  permanent. 

5.  Other  Agencies  inamjurated  and  managed  by  i/our  Societjj.—  ^.  Nature  of;  b. 
number  of  beneficiaries. 

IV.  Results. 

1.  Number  of  cases  treated :  a.  accounted  worthy  of  continuous  relief  (I.e.,  orphans, 
aged,  permanently  disabled) ;  b.  worthy  of  temporary  aid  (i.e.,  sick,  injured,  over- 
taken by  emergency) ;  c.  accounted  to  need  work  rather  than  alms ;  d.  not  cases  for  re- 
lief:  (a)  because  of  having  means  or  relatives  able  to  provide  for  them,  (b)  because  of 
vicious  habits,  imposture,  shiftlessness ;  2.  Disposition  made  of  cases :  a.  cases  not 
taken  in  charge:  (a)  placed  in  institutions,  (b)  put  in  complete  charge  of  churches  or 
societies,  (c)  turned  over  to  police;  b.  cases  assumed  for  treatment:  (a)  aid  pro- 
cured from  municipal  or  State  relief  boards,  (b)  aid  procured  from  churches  or  so- 
cieties, (c)  aid  procured  from  individuals,  (d)  aided  by  loans,  (e)  employment  secured, 
(/)  applicant's  own  resources  adequately  developed,  (g)  removed  to  care  of  relatives 
or  new  situations,  (h)  estimate  of  number  brought  to  self-maintenance. 


v.  Analysis. 
{From  National  Statistical  Blanks.) 

Social  State. —  Married  couples,  widows,  deserted  wives,  single  women,  deserted 
husbands  or  widowers,  single  men,  orphaned  or  abandoned  children,  divorced  or  sep- 
arated (legally),  adult  brother  and  sister  as  one  family. 

Number  and  Ages.—  Under  14,  14  to  20,  20  to  40,  40  to  55,  55  to  70,  over  70,  total 
number  in  family. 

Nativity  of  Heads  of  Families. —  United  States,  white;  United  States,  colored; 
British-American,  white;  British-American,  colored;  Dutch,  English,  French,  and 
Belgian,  German,  Italian,  Irish,  Polish,  and  Russian,  Scandinavian,  Scotch,  and 
Welsh,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese,  Swiss,  other  countries. 

Education  of  Heads  of  Families. —  Can  read  and  write;  can  read,  not  write;  can- 
not read  or  write. 

VI.    <  )n8ERVATIONS. 

1.  What  changes  of  policy  or  method  has  your  society  made  in  its  history?  2. 
What  improvement  in  the  condition  of  the  dependent  or  alms-seeking  poor  has  been 
achieved  under  the  local  observation  of  your  society  !  3.  What  improvement  has 
been  made  in  the  administration  of  relief,  either  municipal  or  voluntary  ?  4.  What 
phases  of  your  work  have  been  satisfactory  ?  5.  What  improvements  of  method  do 
you  think  most  desirable  f  6.  What  local  publications  do  you  know  of  beyond  your 
own  on  scientific  charity  ?  a.  collegiate ;  b.  university ;  c.  State  or  political ;  d. 
general. 


City  or  Town. 


Albany  

Auburn,  Me 

Baltimore 

Bangor,  Me 

Boston 

Briilfjeport,  Conn  . , 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  .... 

Brvn  Mawr 

Buffalo 

Burlington  Iowa 

Castleton,  S.  I.,  N  Y. 

Charleston,  S.  C 

Cincinnati 

Cleveland 

Davenport,  Iowa 

Denver,  Col 

Detroit 

Hartford,  Conn  . .   . . 

Indianapolis 

Kansas  City,  Mo 

Lawrence,  Mass 

Lincoln,  Neb 

Lynn  

Milwaukee 

Minneapolis 

Newark,  N.  J  

New  Brunswick 

Newburg,  N.  Y 

New  Haven,  Conn  . . . 

Newport,  R.  I 

Newton,  Mass 

New  York  City 


Omaha 

Orange,  N.  J 

Pasadena,  Cal 

Pawtucket,  R.  I 

Philadelphia 

Plainfleld,  N.J 

Portland,  Me 

Portland,  Ore , 

Providence,  R.  1 

Rochester,  N.  Y 

Salem,  Mass.. 

Salem,  N.  J 

San  Francisco,  Cal 

Seattle,  Wash 

Syracuse,  N.  Y 

Taunton,  Mass  

Tivoli,  N.  Y  ..   .. 

Trenton,  N.J 

Waterbury,  Conn  

Wilmington,  Del     

Worcester.  Mass 

Youkers,  N.  Y,,  report  of  1891 


Ind 


m 


i,c;- 


Ic 


1 

t 

11 

8 

13 

•  • 

1 
1 

1 

3,8i 


'  These  figures  include  only  contribu 
whom  no  account  is  returned. 

''  Contributors  to  Ward  Associations 


00 
67 


52 


^v 

APPEXTDIX  R 

FlNAKCB. 

CoKraiBOTona. 

iKrOWR. 

City  ob  TnwTt 

lNDIVIDCAI.8 

AsiociATiorrs 
OR  Ohcrcbes 

From  City  or 
State. 

IWVTOTBD  FlTtDS. 

ia«2. 

1898. 

18Se. 

1602. 

1B»2. 

1892. 

1882. 

1692. 

lesa 

1892. 

Albonv 

73 
""77 

i.oai 
""bo 

901 

614 
'l.hSb 
'2,646 

"is" 

"  YesV 
8 

4 
10 

YmV 

$I.6]3  04 

$600  00 

"i'.aisM 
ii,28a'ci 

"S.44i00 

$1.082  00 

160  ot; 

8,633  00 

101  4 

17,444  28 

"20  665  M 

(•91)680  00 

e,7Sl  6- 

ler  00 
408  no 

815  00 
8.154  71 
9.000  00 

OOOOO 
23.000  00 
2,800  00 
1.000  00 
0.025  OD 
6,S08  69 
8,050  48 

888  07 
I. 100  00 
8.090  00 
0.500  00 

3.800  00 
836  00 

1.801  85 
4.7OS0] 
l.OODOO 

810  00 
40.920  00 

4,800  00 
1.424  17 
680  71 
],8CO00 
47,850  95 
«,3B3  88 

Auburo.BIe 

Hftlllniore  

H«riKor,  Me —                                  ... 

Boston     -     .                                     

Brldgpport,  foiJi.                           

Brooklyn, N.y 

BrvnMnwr 

$180  00 

1.000(10 

85,650  IX) 

11.000  00  In  Buililiug, 

;:;..;::.: 

Burlington  Iowa 

BO 

308,878  Wi 

Clncltinali 

Cleveland,.,. 
Davenport,  Iowa 
I).-i.ver,Co^ 

li.gcs'sj 

6,000  OU 

503 

IIS 
489 
21« 

lO.tWO  00 

HartforJ.  Conn  

KanHOS  City.  Mo 

' '  1 M  ' 

'"a" 

38 

........ 

"i6"" 

sa 

SI 
8 

isTS'oO 
Free  rent 

1,900  fO 
S.2I5  99 
S.681  43 

■a,476'66 

204 
30 
600 
500 
350 

oa 

195 
197 

"m 

2,874 
QOO 

"m 

Milwaukee. 

""ii' 

' '  V 36 " 

"sii' 

'"ii" 

70000 

68  60 
8,500  00 

Nfw  BruDswuk 
NewburE.  N,  Y 

New  Haven.  C'jiiij        .,, 

Nfivp,)rt.  R-1 

NiMvtoi).  Mass...     

a.io6  6ci 
"2.61888 

4 

ei 

16.537  00 

41,361  00  4-  .Si  sUcire 
tn  Charities  Bund- 
ing, 8150.00<). 

OmBha  

oranL-e.N.  J 

PiiMflilena,  Cal 

Pawlucket.  R.I 
I'liiladelpliia 

70 

8 

910  IS 

»i4;487'28 
2.1S4S3 

$4^876  "66 
889  00 
250  00 

500  00 

Porlland.  Me 

181         152 

YCB. 

$617 

ProviJen™,  R.  1 

.1       ST.-i 

7,788  OB 

8,000  00 

2,000  00 

1,000  00 

882  81 

4,189  89 

2,600  00 

8,348  75 

700  00 

200  00 

2.178  68 

"A.mik 

Soleni.  Mass... 

400  00 

Ban  l^oncisco,  CjiI                             "  i 

a-nttle.  Wash... 

Symciise,  N.  Y                                      .; 

'.'.'.'.'.         350  1 
58         lis  1 

::  ::.: 

G 

~~m~ 

"too'oo 

17,877  51 

S10  69 

Taiiuton.  Moss  .. 

Tlvnil,  N.  Y     .. 

Tr.-nlou,  N.J.... 

Wal«?rliitry,  Coun 

WllmfiiKioo.  Del 

Wfin'.-8ter  Un^ 

YoQkera.  N.  Y,,  re[«.r[  i.i  iwi 

40 

41 

an  \ 
■.".tl 

1 .1, 

23 

8 

D 

8,8511 

5,720 
100.8% 

70 

213 
807.0?^ 

180,019  [>8 

(268,421  89 
20e.8Sf 

$409,087  55 

wi,nn,'  .T*^**^*  flffOfeB  Include  only  contribulore  to  the  Central  Treasury,  and  not  the  bandreda  of  contributors  to  the  Ward  ARioelalions.  of 
Huuiii  riu  account  is  roturned, 

'  Contributors  to  Ward  Associations  only.    The  eontribulious  to  the  C^iilrul  Treasury  not  rutumed,  bul  probably  about  JlS.iXW, 


City  or  Town. 


Albany 

Auburn.  Me 

Baltimore,  Md 

Bangor,  Me  

Boston,  Mass 

Bi'idgeport,  Conn 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y 

BrynMawr,  Pa 

Buffalo,  N.  Y 

Burlington,  la.. 

Castleton,  S.  I.,N.  Y. 

Charleston,  S.  C 

Cincinnati,  O 

Cleveland,  O 

Davenport,  la 

Denver,  Col .. 

Detroit,  Mich 

Hartford,  Conn 

Indianapolis,  Ind 

Lawrence,  Mass 

Lincoln,  Neb 

Lynn,  Mass 

Milwaukee.  Wis 

Minneapolis,  Minn,  . . 

Newark,  N.  J 

New  Brunswick,  N.  J . 

Newburg,  N .  Y 

New  Haven,  Conn 

Newport,  R.  I 

Newton,  Mass 

New  York  City 

Omaha,  Neb 

Orange,  N.J 

Pawtucket,  R.  I 

Philadelphia,  Pa 

Plainfield,  N.J 

Portland,  Me 

Portland,  Ore 

Providence,  R.  I 

Pueblo,  Col 

Richmond,  Ind 

Rochester,  N.  Y 

Salem,  Mass 

Salem,  N.  J  

San  Francisco,  Cal 

Seattle,  Wash 

Syracuse,  N,  Y 

Taunton,  Mass 

Tivoli,  N.  Y  

Trenton,  N.  J 

Waterbury,  Conn.,... 

Wilmington,  Del 

Worcester,  Mass 


Total 

Increase. 


Administrative 
Officers. 


Men. 


1882 


11 


87 


43 


40 


28 


1.5 


17 
10 


21 


297 


1892 


4 
'41' 
*9i' 


51 
2 


13 

29 

19 

*13 

3 
40 
30 
60 
22 

5 
31 

5 
30 
13 

8 
41 
13 
12 
54 


7 
34 
23 


12 


9 
U 


5 

12 


763 
156.9; 


Women 


1882     18'y 


117 


24 


160 


18 


51 
21s 


*  No  distinction  of  sex  made  in  the  returi 
women  where  the  returns  make  no  distinctioi 

N.  B. —Examination  of  these  figures  will 
of  the  answers  required.    Conferences  on  C 
the  figures  are  exact  multiples  or  divisors  o 
dently  refer  to  the  number  of  branch  or  d 
suit  would  be  misleading. 


a 
a 
o 
O 


1 
11 

8 
12 


15 
10 


100 
67 


52 


i 


APPENDIX    F 


abm  fk i  strati  vk 
Officers. 

Paid  Offickiis  oh 
Agents. 

FaiBNDL,Y  VlBTTOBS. 

AvanAOE 

Cases 

TO  ViarroR, 

Branch  or 

District 

Organizatioks. 

COKTKB- 
ENCE9  OW 

Cases. 

Men, 

Women. 

Men. 

Women. 

Men. 

Women. 

1882 

1803 

1888 

18D8 

1882 
1 

1693 

1 
1 
I 

...... 

8 
5 

1882 
"ii" 

1802 
"  11 

1883 

18ns 

6 
41 

1882 

14 

•642 

1802 

21 
34 

195 
18 

683 

1S83 

i!9S 

1892 

I88a 

1802 

1883 

1892 

Albany 

4 

4 

8 
15 
3 

t.« 

.... 

e" 

Baltimore,  Md 

11 

41 

8 

R 

18S 

8 

1 

a' 
8  ■ 

1 

.  8 

1 

6 
24 

Boston.  Mass 

S7 

91 

:'::;■ 

,"!.. 

11 
..... 

S3 

84 

14 

15 

Brooklyn.  ij.Y 

113 

•533 
17 

■"2 
li"' 

"ik" 

Buffalo.  >'.  Y 

BurliDirton,  la 

L'ustleton.  S.I.N.  Y,. . 
l.'ljarlfsti..u.  H.C 

48 

'si*' 

1 

■ja" 

39 
ID 

*ia 

3 
40 
80 
OO 

8a 

5 
81 
6 

ao 

18 
B 
41 
18 
IS 
54 

■y 

34 

sa 

...... 

...... 

4 

28 

2 
12 

■i" 

8 
i 

le 

8' 
7 
6 

18 

'§ 

8 
0 

8 

'u" 

2 
26 

S 

1 
1 
1 
8 
2 
1 
8 

IS 

•70 

3 

'"  3" 
........ 

"16 

a 

8 

i" 

2 

4  ' 

13 
145 
•75 

30 

70 

8& 

C 

(.■U-velninl.'O.! 

6  * 

2 

D^uver.Col 

Iietroit,  Mich    

...... 

1 
2 
1 

1 
1 
2 

30 
60 

30 
75 

62 

Jridianapolis.  Ind 

40 

1 

6 

"so" 

4S 
23 

62 

..... 

1 

1 

1 
1 

a 

8 

1 
1 

1 
1 
1 

31 

12 

Lynn. Mass 

rtlilwaukee.  Wis 

"ss" 

"ir' 
4 

■l!50 
.67 
1.26 

.... 
6 

■  3" 
4 
3 
3 

■*a 

7 

2 

1 
■  i' 

1 

1 
1 

19 

3 

"75 

•46 

...... 

835 
'88 

■   '59 
80 

"'8 

98 
100 
•50 
26 
16 
13 
29 

aiB 

135 
CO 
84 

"  fii 

30 
25 

"ill' 

83 

Newark.  N.J     

New  Brunswick,  N.  J  , 

Newburg.N.  Y 

New  Haven.  Conn 

Newport,  R.I 

Newtou.BIasH 

New  York  City 

OrnabOiNeb 

Orange.  N.J. 

Pawtucket.  B.l 

15 

"if 

10 

"si" 

"i" 

4 

3 

2 

1 
1 

2 

ioa 

3 

26 

4 

...... 

9 

a 
...... 

14 

I 

6 
.... 

6 

10 

6 

"is" 

1 

1 
1 

'"a" 

1 

8 

1 

9 
3  " 

21 

17 

[Tainfleld,  N.  J 

Portland,  Me 

53 

'15' 

s 

■  l" 

"a" 

...„. 

25 

1 

4 

4 
36 

"i' 

8 
ID 
4 

3 
1 

...... 

2 

5 

Providence.  R.  I 

i'ueblo.  Col 

RoL-heiter.  N.  Y 

Salem,  Mn-ss - 

Siilem.N.  J 

Sun  Francisco,  Ca! 



3 
6 

"ih" 

100 
53 
S& 
12 

107 
38 
18 
8 
13 
01 
88 
53 

1 
1 
4 

3 

33 

11 

"l 

1 

1 
2 

2 

3 

a 

2 

"k"' 
6 
3 

87 

R^Tacuse.  N.  Y 

Tiiunton.MaBS 

9 

1 

1 

"2" 
2 

21 

s' 
1 

Trcnlon.  N.J 

■;:::■ 

12 

... 

62 

Wilmington.  Del 

VCo  re  ester.  Mass    



18 

Total 

297 

768 
156.W 

100 

SIT 
31G.4i 

24 

77 
830« 

36 

13S 
876< 

30 

456 
1400:1 

1320 

8534 
105.91 

07 

100 

253, a* 

sto^ 

•  No  distint-Uon  of  sex  mode  in  the  returns.  In  this  table  administrative  officers  have  been  credited  to  men  and  Friendly  Visitors  to 
w.Finen  whore  the  returns  make  no  distinction,  because  these  are  the  sexes  that  predominate  In  those  sorts  of  service, 

N  B  -Etarainatlon  of  tliese  flcures  will  show  that  the  correspond  en  ts  by  whom  they  were  supplied  varied  Kreatly  in  tljeir  conceDUona 
■  li  the  answers  required.  Conferences  ou  Cases  refers  to  meetluga  of  offlcera  and  visitors  to  consider  treatment  of  applicantP.  Where 
tl.e  liKures  are  exdct  multiples  or  divisors  of  I'J  and  52,  they  indicate  monthly  and  weekly  conferences.  In  some  mstances  the  flpjres  efl- 
iieiitly  r^fer  to  the  number  of  branch  or  district  associations  holding  conferences.  The  columns  are  not  added  to  a  total  wneretne  re- 
sult would  be  misleading, 


is 


52 
49 


127 
114 


ivm 


pst. 


2500 
160 


o 


a 


I     . 


23 
Com- 
mon. 


■a 
9  o 

03  o 

5  o 


a 
> 

01 


56 

3009 

2281 

42 

5 


22 
21 


1_. 

03 


18 


+j  0) 


W 


o 

ft 

(5 


68 
68 


90?; 
90^4 

25^ 
75% 


500 


2135 
...17 


100^ 


o 


318 


Est. 

2800 

Est. 

350 

55 


11 
11 


350 
121' 


590 
367 


2000 


lOOjJ 
90^ 


2173 


41 

Est. 

30 


1770 


^  03  01 


0! 
Xi 
US 

a 
o 


620 


10 
10 


76 
40 


142000 
1200 


500 


.a 
ft 

3 


15476 


979 


25 
25 


Co-opera- 
tion. 


E?  2  to 

o  >,'2 

O  03  O 


13 


206 

116 
5 


6170 


o 
a 

o 
(5 


to 

.a 
o 


30 


45 


s 


a 

"3 

CO 


o 

V 

y 

'5 
a 

03 


a 

03 
«2 


22 
22 


All  hos- 
pitals. 

60 
22 


40 
40 


92 
90 


12 

8 


03 


2343 
3 


23 
159 

163 

56 

1 


85 


150 
19 


30 
19 


75^ 
35^ 


102 


25^ 
405^ 

15f. 
20 


lOOi? 
50fi 


505J 

10^ 

1758 


101 
41 


P 
o 
03 


32 


55 


10 


73 


3 


1 
11 


8 
12 


15 
10 


100^ 
60^ 

40^ 

25^ 

145 


ICOj; 


35000 
167 


01 
-   M-_ 


52 


13 


11 
35 


■a 
o 
o 


ft 
o 


c  3 

m 


APPENDIX   Q 
Lines  of  Work  Devkloped 

189 

0 

5 

i 

1 

4 

m 

1 

s 

1 
1 

1 

1 

d 

i 

1 
s 

2 
1 

% 

a 

16 
03 

i 
f 

A 

333 
30 

i 
A. 

350 
76 

1 
1 

3S 
38 

162 
35 

286000 

800 

iooi 

1  i 

180  . 

-.    4 

...» 
■  ■■  1 

i 
1 

3 
IS 

7 

i          2 
i          8 

0        13 
7         12 

B        40 
3        15 

i 

1 

|_ 

ISO 

36 
115 

1 

1 

i 

>• 

1 
1 

£ 

SO 
1009 

iSSl 
42 
6 

4 
4 

13 
13 

68 
6S 

£  1 

1 

1 

4 

■-a 

1      1 

1    i 

£      1 

i 

1 
i. 

7 
806 

116 
5 

s 

1 

is 

t 

1 

1: 

E    i 

11 

1 
s 

1 

93 
22 

2343 

a 

1 

1 

S3 
159 

168 
56 

I 

2 
2 

6 
6 

SO 
10 

i 

32 
65 

3 
9 

10 
73 

100* 
77 

1 
11 

8 
13 

1 
1 

4 
4 

15 
10 

36000 
107 

[  a^ 
62 

t 
1 

7 

81 
7 

8 
S 

0 
6 

OS 
16 

1 

c 

3 
MS 

66 
41 

J 

Reprbssion. 
Treatment  of  vosraots: 
Number  turned  over  to  po- 
lice  ... 

Number    lodged    through 

your  society •     . 

Number  employed  in  wood 
yard  or  other  like  l#st 

33 
43 

4 
404 

49 
S 

137 
800000 

m 

44 
450 

620 

125 

8 

2 

03 
65 

220 

80 

100^ 
COi( 

40:< 
6ft< 

m7 

15 
584 

865 
2 

3IR 

537=01!,; 
7690=70.9* 

3700=26* 
067=01.8* 
117=00.8* 

68 
50=97* 

1443 
420=33K 

300 

Slany. 

m 
"ail" 

10 
6 

5R 
All. 

020 

15470     . 
979      . 

30 
46 

53 

7 
7 

les 

Very 
many. 

SS3 
Very 
many. 

448177 

3S< 

1535 

Incre's- 

Many. 

ioagen 
ciea. 

Est, 

3800 

....     Eat. 

350 

53 

1  .         11 
I  ..        11 

850 

..     .       131' 

3135     590 
....  17     867 

Street  beggars  and  impos- 

Fraudulent    schemes   de- 
tected      

COOPBIIATIOK. 

With     municipal    or    Stat« 
Boards: 

Number  in  the  town 

Number  co-operating 

With  societies  and  their  In- 
stitutions: 
Number  in  the  town 

Number  co  operating. 

With  churches: 

9 
3 

53 

1 
17S 

laa 

307 
80 

R50000 
10000 

■■'soi 

lOK 

so* 

7769 

48 
15000 

a 

3 

90 
15 

15 

n 

30000 

1 

1 

I 

C14  Sftcret) 
IT 
8 

30 
13 

22505 
500 

lOOit 
100«  with 
B.  R.  800. 

1 

1 

36 
30 

136 
S5 

1 

1 

58 
49 

127 
114 

1 

a 

6 

23 
Com- 
mon, 

1 

1 

21 

] 
1 

AU  hos- 
pitals. 

00 
S2 

a 
a 

40 
40 

92 
90 

1 
....  1 

e    86 

2   150 
8     10 

All. 

Uost. 
Few. 

AH. 

10 
3 

4 

2 

ar 

it 

22 

'is 

10 
10 

76 
40 

142000 
1200 

39 
16 

60 
33 

All. 
Geoeral. 

31 
18 

2.1      . 
36     . 

1SS3=44* 

With  individuals: 

Number  co-operating..  .. 

Registration. 

For  public  official  relief.... 
For  voluntary  societies, .  "I 

Forchurehes f 

For  private  iDstitutlons.. ) 
Number  of  cases  Investt- 

76!( 

lOOjf 

SOi! 

5S 

lOjt 

180 

Btoal.' 
lOOK 

1 

IB 

2000 

'§S 

802 
70* 

2178 

41 

Est. 
30 

.    1770 

40 

7 
2 

5« 

90S 

25% 
76J( 

lOOX- 

103 

40* 
SO* 

30 

lOD* 
60* 

-■    M* 
10* 

1758 

lOO* 
00* 

40* 
25* 

146 

27 
18 

11 
35 

1 
I 

1  . 

171 

14 

3  or  5 
20 

731 

1900 

e 

COO 

Sawitary  Work. 

a.  Tenements      improved 
ihrough    landJords   or 
through   changed   htt- 

176 
40 

6S00 
300 

468 

203 

b.  Removals     to      belter 

7 

113 

c.  Open-air       excurslona, 
number   of  beneflcia- 

S600 

leo 

BOO 

Co-opera- 

tlOQ. 

3  6170 

101 
41 

"h 

1 

§ 

Oo  opera 
tton. 
03 

iii 

111 

d.  Countryhomessecured; 

23 

7 

ill 

Othbr   Agencies  inauourat- 
ed  and  managed  by  tour 

SOCIETV, 

1 
1 

1 
1 

IBfii 

6° 

in 

1 
1 

ll 

fl 

1 

.1 

b.  Number    of    beneflcia 

_ 

— 



r^ 


c 


o 


w 


APPENDIX    H. 
Providbst  Schemes,  1882-1692, 


iKDUSTRIAl,  TRAIKIHO  SCHOOLS  OH  GLASSES. 

\                                      SAVtSOS  FUKDS. 

CookinR, 

Sewing. 

Manual  or  Trade. 

Laundry. 

Stamp  Books.  \ 

General. 

Fuel  Funds. 

No. 

2 
1 
9 

I 
1 

43 
7 
2 
2 

'i9' 

AdmissioDS. 

Increase. 

No. 

Pupils. 
103 

Increase. 

No. 
.... 
14 

Pupils. 

'ioi'" 

No. 

.i. 

Pupils. 

18 

Incp.  lOOK 

No. 

Pupils. 

No. 

BeDeflclarles, 

No. 

Depositors. 

lieposlta. 

No. 

Depositors. 

Deposits. 

Depositors.    Deposits. 

60  daily. 



14 
2 

3 
2 

BOO 

\ 

Provident. 

16795' 

S7H598  92' 

isri"".::.::.;:::: 

vinu 

iU  d&il7- 

10  dally. 

76«  yearly. 

BOK 

'40i 

^^rTrSI 

.... 



m 

183  BtatlonB 

6000 

Home. 
1 

651 
489 

S93a4T 

206  60 

Buffftlo  

BurliDKtoD.Ia 

Caslleu.n.S.1.,  N.T... 

Charleston.  S.C 

Cinclnnaii 

70* 

1 
6 

Fitch  creche. 

....u....... 

2 

;;;:ft;:; 

i 

"476 

""fioeoTs 

■■ 

18 

mi 

City  schools 

"  1 

1 

'is' 

Deover.Col 

Detroit 

lodianapoDB. 

Lawreaee,  Mass.* 

a 

"s 
.... 

1 

6 
13 

a 
■fl' 

IBi 

"4 
i' 

"a' 

I 

4 

148 

75  daily. 

loo* 

6S00 
814 

fiSi,  inc.  QOOiC. 

mn 

.... 

lu, 

4  co-operative  banks. 
8t  co-operative  stores. 

i 800 

125 

Lynn.Mass 

1 

aoo'" 

4 

2 

i' 

1 

MlDoeapoIis 

Newark,  N.  J     .       .- 
New  Brunswick,  N.  J.. 

Newburg.  N.  Y 

New  Haven,  Conn,.     . 

i 

20  daily. 
SO  daily. 

■■sooi"* 

Several. 

70 

3 

1 

1 

399,  (no.  ai?* 

1310  88, 

□cr.  410^ 

Public  school.oew 

206i! 

SOS61Q 

;■;■ 

1 
1 

400,  inc.  BO^e 
800 

2222  11. 
044  71 

nc.  3a< 

Newton, Mass 

New  York 

Omaha 

"  3' 

1 

400  daily." 

8tl  daily. 

1 

107 

S06  stations 

acraa 

isna 

a 

PlaiDfield,N.  J 

2 

"i" 

i 

1 

"i 
a 

'  1 

1 
a 
1' 

Bl 

1 

200 

248187 

46 

Rochester.  K.  Y 

Salem,  Mass 

Salem.  N.  J.' 

2 

101 

1  kitchen  gard'n 

Springfield,  0 

Syracuse 

Taunton,  Mass 

.... 

ISdiily." 



I 

:.... 

"""  297  13 
BOS  94 

1 

7115 

WilniinRton,  Del 

Worcester,  Mass 

3 

1 

105 

.;::•::::■ 

Id  public  schools. 

37 

0014 

— -- 

19 

131 

est.  1095  dally. 

5 

308 

S3TS1 

S3l44a  07 

24SS4 

JTTlOll  55 

138 

£3tll  04 

■  Not  under  the  C.  O.  S.  '  Part  of  public -school  system. 

'  Kindergartens  begun  by  womenof  the  C.  0.  8  .  and  maintained  by  an  associati. 


'  Churches  conduct  them.  »  Girls'  Club  ot  120  members. 

D  of  them  until  thej'  were  adopted  and  made  part  of  the  publicschool  syst«m. 


jj  g  —Where  not  otherwise  staled  it  Is  believed  that  the  iustitutions  enumerated  were  originated  by  members  of  Charity  Oreaoization  Socieiles,  and  that  the  savings  funds  are  under  their  control.    Where  n 
given,  iherelBoorecordof  the  existence  of  such  institutions  in  1882.    Blank  spaces  do  not  necessttrily  indicate  that  there  are  no  sucli  iustitutions  in  tho  town,  but  only  that  they  have  not  beeureturc 


r, 


tions  of  the  city. 


-J     r— I — I o 


APPENDIX  I. 

Ct^AgAirru  Ctsse,  Tabls  I.  0692.> 


DlBposlMnti  <>t  CiisL'H. 

s 

< 

1  §  ^ 

1 

J 

§■  i  1 

u  2  ? 

3    £    -^ 

1 

.3 

£ 

6 

l 

1 

■5 

0 

1 

£ 

1 

1 

..   1 

1  i 
11 

1 

1  i 

i 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

y. 
1 1} 

5  1  *i 

1  'i  i 

1 
1 
1 

1 

d 

3 

1 
1 

III 

1 

d 

E 

i: 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

Hi 

Sh 

^ 

I 

a«o 

778  M   4081 

12370 

man 

lao  T3|  285 

8011 

-100 

Ifilo 

i3£a 

ioao> 

489'27.'j 

41. 

11H 

ail  3 

i-i 

Sfi 

r450« 

7M 

ContlDuouB  roller 

MH 

1.17 

87 

7111 

17 

J     7.> 

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1  Inoludea  Instltutlona. 


'  The  remaining  figures  In  this  column  are  for  1889. 


*  Aided  from  Emergency  Fund,  153. 


s  Some  of  the  totals  bt  tbl9  column  contain  duplications  c(  coau. 


r 


tions  of  the  city. 


APPENDIX     K. 

Classified  Cases,  T.uir.E  IT.  am-i). 


1 

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1 
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lOOK 

>  EuKlish  and  Welsh. 


APPENDIX   L. 


BIBLIOGRATHY   OF   THE   CHARITY   ( )R(;ANIZATION   SOCIETIES 

OF   THE   UNITED   STA;rES. 

Balti.mokk. 

Directory  of  Charitable  aud  Beneficent  Organizations,  1892,  lOmo,  2(1  edition,  Ul 
pp.;  The  Charities  Record,  a  periodical  succeeding  the  Confidential  Circular;  An- 
nual Reports  of  the  Charity  Organization  Society  of  Baltimore;  Charities;  The 
Relation  of  the  State,  the  City,  aud  the  Individual  to  Modern  Philanthrojjic  Work, 
A.  G.  Warner,  ThD. ;  Report  of  a  Conference  on  Charities  held  in  Baltimore, 
April,  1887,  published  by  the  Baltimore  Charity  Orgaui/ation  Society,  1887,  Cliarity 
Organization  Society  Pr.M. ;  The  Needs  of  Self-supporting  Women,  Clare  de 
Graffenried;  Work  among  Workingwomen  in  Baltimore,  H.  B.  Adams,  Ph.D.; 
Philanthropy,  Richard  T.  FAy ;  Relations  of  Private  and  Public  to  Organized  Char- 
ity, W.  F.  Siocum;  Notes  on  Literature  of  Charities,  Professor  Adams;  Ashrott's 
Poor  Relief  in  the  United  States  (translation) ;  Extracts  from  International  Con- 
gress at  Paris  (translation) ;  Education  of  the  Friendly  Visitor,  Zilpha  D.  Smith  ; 
A  Few  Words  to  Fresh  Visitors,  Octavia  Hill. 

Boston. 

Directory  of  Charitable  Organizations,  1891,  12mo,  .3d  edition,  351  pp.;  Annual 
Reports;  Charity  Organization,  by  Robert  Treat  Paine,  14  pp. ;  Essays  by  Octavia 
Hill,  34  pp. ;  Relation  of  Private  Almsgivers  to  the  Associated  Charities,  1  p. ; 
Work  of  Volunteer  Visitors,  by  Robert  Treat  Paine,  19  pp.;  An  Appeal  for  Help 
and  Workers;  Hints  to  a  (Conference;  Circular  to  Visitors  concerning  Drunken- 
ness; The  District  Conference  and  its  Executive  Committee;  Directions  for  the 
Work  of  an  Ageut ;  The  Work  of  the  Central  Office;  Sending  New  Applicants  to 
the  Overseers  of  the  Poor;  The  Old  Charity  and  the  New,  by  H.  L.  Wayland, 
D.D. ,  For  Visitors  of  the  Associated  Charities ;  Laws  applying  to  Tenements  in 
the  City  of  Boston ;    more  than  a  score  of  papers  now  out  of  print. 


Buffalo. 

Handbook  of  Charity  Organization,  by  Rev.  S.  H.  Gurteen,  254  pp. ;  Hints  and 
Suggestions  to  Visitors  of  the  Poor,  by  the  same  ;  Phases  of  Charity,  by  the  same ; 
Provident  Schemes,  by  the  same ;    What  is  Charity  Organization  ?  by  the  same. 


Cleveland. 

The  Journal  and  Bulletin,  a  weekly  paper  representing  the  benevolent  organiza- 
tions of  the  city. 


Appendix  L. —  Continued. 


Indianapolis. 


Amiiial  Year  Book  of  Charities  ;  Reprints  of  papers  by  Octavia  Hill,  S.  H.  Gur- 
teen,  Oscar  C.  McCuUoch,  C.  S.  Loch,  and  Francis  Wayland. 

New  Yokel. 

New  York  Charities  Directory  of  the  Charitable  and  Beneficent  Societies  and 
Institutions  of  the  City,  .'Jth  edition,  472  pp.,  16mo,  $1,  to  paid  officers  of  churches 
and  societies  50  cents;  The  Charities  Review,  a  Journal  of  Practical  Sociology, 
yearly  subscription  (8  nunabers)  $1 ;  Work  of  Friendly  Visitors,  1  p. ;  On  District 
Conferences,  by  Mrs.  James  T.  Fields,  4  pp.;  Inaugural  Paper  of  Organizing  Sec- 
retary, 4  i)p. ;  Cold  Victuals,  by  Hon.  Charles  S.  Fairchild,  2  pp. ;  How  to  repress 
Pauperism,  by  Robert  Treat  Paine,  IG  pp.;  Official  vs.  Private  Relief,  a  reprint 
from  London  Charity  Organization  Society  Reporter,  2  pp.;  Duties  of  Friendly 
Visitors,  by  Mrs.  C.  R.  Low^l,  4  pp.;  The  Pauper  Question,  by  D.  0.  Kellogg,  18 
pp.;  Profits  and  Possibilities  of  the  Proper  Organization  of  Charity,  bv  Hon.  A.  S. 
Hewitt,  8  pp.;  The  Old  Charity  and  the  New,  by  Rev.  H.  L.  Wayland,  D.D.,  4 
pp.;  Philanthropy,  by  Richard  T.  YAy,  Ph.D.,  8  pp.;  The  Charity  Organization 
Idea,  by  Ansley  Wilcox,  4  pp.;  How  to  adapt  Charity  Organization  Methods  to 
Small  Communitie?,  by  Mrs.  Charles  R.  Lowell,  8  pp.;  The  Wastes  of  Charity, 
Rt.  Rev.  Henry  C.  Potter,  D.D.,  8  pp.;  Methods  of  (Organization  of  Charity,  by 
Alexander  Johnston,  8  pp. ;  General  Suggestions  for  the  Treatment  of  Different 
Classes  of  Cases,  8  pp.;  What  We  ask  Co-operating  Societies  to  do  for  L's,  and 
What  We  are  ready  to  do  for  Them,  2  pp. ;  Friendly  Visiting,  by  Mrs.  James  J. 
Putnam,  8  pp.;  The  Savings  Society,  by  Mrs.  John  H.  Scribner,  8  pp.;  The  Church 
in  Charity,  by  Alexander  John.ston,  8  pp.;  The  Elberfeld  System,  a  reprint  from 
the  Hospital,  8  pp.;  Drunkards'  Families,  by  Rev.  W.  F\  Slocum.  6  pp. ;  Charity 
Organization  and  the  Church,  by  Rev.  Henry  Van  Dyke,  D.D. ;  Report  of  Special 
Committee  on  Immigration, by  Professor  Richmond  M.  Smith,  10  pp.;  The  Friendly 
Side  of  Charity  Organization,  by  Rev.  E.  Winchester  Donald,  D.D.,  5  pp. ;  How 
Charity  Organization  helps  the  Pastors,  by  Rev.  George  Alexander,  D.D. ,  4  pp.  ; 
The  Personal  Element  in  Charity,  by  Rev.  Alexander  Mackay-Smith,  D.D.,  9  pp. ; 
The  Need  of  Nerve  in  Charity,  reprint  from  Charity  ( )rganizatiou  Reporter  of 
London.  4  pp.;  Economic  and  Moral  Effects  of  Public  Outdoor  Relief,  by  Mrs. 
C.  R.  Lowell.  11  pp. ;  The  Reform  of  Charity,  by  W.  M.  Salter,  8  pp. ,  Handbook 
for  Friendly  Visitors,  88  pp.,  16mo,  paper  35  cents,  cloth  50  cents. 

Philadklphia. 

Manual  and  Directory  of  Charities,  1879, 217  pp. ;  Monthly  Register,  large  quarto, 
8  pp.,  now  in  its  fourteenth  year;  Organization  of  Charity  in  Philadelphia,  by  D.  O. 
Kellogg,  16  pp. ;  Suggestions  to  Ward  Visitors,  by  Mrs.  J.  P.  Lesley,  24  pp. ;  The 
Philadelphia  Society  for  Organizing  Charity,  by  Rev.  W.  PI.  Hodge ;  a  number  of 
papers  and  essays  now  out  of  print. 

Portland,  Oregon. 
Facts  of  Interest  to  You  concerning  the  City  Board  of  Charities. 

San  Francisco. 
Monthly  Circular  of  Information;   various  short  papers. 


Also,  The  Annual   Reports  of  all  the  Charity  Organization  Societies  in  all  the 
leading  cities  and  towns  named  in  Appendix  A. 


Appendix  L. —  Concluded. 

The  following,  altliough  not  published  by  any  of  the  Charity  ( )rganization  Soci- 
eties, are  much  used  and  circulated  among  them  :  — 

Annual  Reports  of  the  National  ('onferences  of  Charities  and  Correction  ;  Annual 
Reports  of  the  State  Hoards  of  Charities  of  the  several  States;  Charity*  )rganization 
Review  of  the  Loudon  C.O.S.,  monthly;  Children  of  the  I'oor,  by  Jacob  A.  liiis 
(Scribuer),  300  pp. ;  Dangerous  Chisses  of  New  York,  by  Charles  L.  Brace,  1H72, 
468  pp.;  Edward  Deui.son,  M.l'.,  Letters,  and  Other  Writings,  by  Sir  Baldwyn 
Leighton,  12mo,  303  pp.,  paper  (Scribuer);  How  to  help  the  I'oor,  by  Mrs.  James  T. 
Fields,  125  pp.  (Houghton.  IMilHin  &  Co.);  How  the  Other  Half  lives,  by  Jacob  A. 
Riia  (Scribuer),  304  pp. ;  Improved  Dwellings  for  the  Laboring  Classes,  by  Alfred  T. 
White,  45  pp.;  The  Jukes,  by  R.  S.  Dugdale,  120  pp.  (I'utnam);  Lenda-Hand. 
Monthly  Magazine,  by  Rev.  E.  E.  Hal*',  D.D.,  Boston;  Outdoor  Relief  and 
Tramps,  by  Profes.sor  Francis  Wayland  (New  Haven);  Public  Relief  and  Private 
Charity,  by  Mrs.  C.  R.  Lowell,  1 II  pp.  (I'utnam) ;  Report  on  Care  of  Dependent 
Children  iu  New  York,  by  Mrs.  Charles  1\.  Lowell,  Commissioner  New  York  State 
Board  of  Charities,  77  pp.;  Report  on  Outdoor  Relief,  by  the  same,  19  pp.;  Re- 
port on  the  Workhouse,  New  York  City,  by  the  same,  1 5  pp. 


APPENDIX    M. 


NECBOLOGICAL. 


Boston. 


Rt.  Rev.  Phillips  Brooks,  D.D.,  Mrs.  James  Lodge.  Miss  Mary  Anne  Waies 
(Enriched  from  their  estates)  Sidney  Bartlett,  Moses  Day,  J.  W.  Estabrooks  Mrs 
Catharine  C.  Humphreys,  Mrs.  Mary  M.  McGregor.  ' 


Brooklyn. 
Charles  Pratt,  George  B.  Buzelle. 

Indianapolis. 
Rev.  Oscar  C.  McCulloch. 

New  Haven. 

Ex-Governor   Hobart   B.    Bigelow,    Thomas   P.    Gibbons,  Mrs.    Walter  Osborn, 
Samuel   G.   Thorn,    Samuel   P.  Wurts.     (Enriched  by  their  estates)  Joshua  C^oit 
Matthew  G.  Elliott. 

New  York. 

Mrs.  John  .Jacob  Astor,  Edgar  S.  Auchincloss,  Jabez  A.  Bostwick,  Benjamin  G 
Clark,  Mrs.  Cornelius  Du  Bois,  Henry  G.  De  Forest,  Sidney  Dillon,  George  B 
Grinnell,  Walter  Hamlin,  Rev.  A.  B.  Hart,  D.D.,  Robert  B.  Minturn,  Cadwalader 
E.  ()gden,  Frederick  Prime,  Alfred  Roosevelt,  C.  V.  S.  Roosevelt,  Charles  I). 
Scudder,  M.D.,  John  H.  Sherwood,  Lucius  Tuckerman,  S.  O.  Vander  Poel,  M.D., 
Julius  Wadsworth,  Robert  Winthrop,  Rev.  Curtiss  T.  Woodruff.  (Enriched  from' 
their  estates  or  by  memorial  funds)  Miss  Leonora  S.  Bolles,  William  Smith  Brown, 
Hector  C.  Havemeyer,  Colles  Johnston,  Rev.  C.  W.  Morrill.  Mrs.  Charles  H. 
Rogers,  Benjamin  Stern,  Adam  W.  Spies,  Sidney  Speyer,  Mrs.  Elijah  Ward, 
Charles  F.  Woerishoffer. 

Philadelphia. 
H.  Lenox  Hodge,  M.D. 

Syracuse. 
Mrs.  Harriet  A.  Dunlap,  Mrs.  Sarah  Judson,  Rev.  Ovid  Miner. 


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